Iitanki eziqhelekileyo ze-flat-platform ze-BEV kunye ne-FCEVs zisebenzisa i-thermoplastic kunye ne-thermoset composites kunye nokwakhiwa kwamathambo okubonelela nge-25% ngaphezulu kwe-H2 yokugcina. #hydrogen #iindlela
Emva kwentsebenziswano kunye ne-BMW ibonise ukuba itanki ye-cubic inokuhambisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-volumetric kuneesilinda ezincinci ezininzi, i-Technical University yaseMunich yaqalisa iprojekthi yokuphuhlisa isakhiwo esidibeneyo kunye nenkqubo yokuvelisa i-scalable yemveliso ye-serial. Ikhredithi yomfanekiso: TU Dresden (phezulu) ekhohlo), iYunivesithi yobuGcisa yaseMunich, iSebe leCarbon Composites (LCC)
Izithuthi zombane zeeseli zamafutha (FCEVs) ezinikwe amandla yi-zero-emission (H2) i-hydrogen ibonelela ngeendlela ezongezelelweyo zokufikelela kwiithagethi zokusingqongileyo. I-fuel cell passenger car kunye ne-injini ye-H2 inokuzaliswa kwi-5-7 imizuzu kwaye inoluhlu lwe-500 km, kodwa okwangoku ibiza kakhulu ngenxa yomthamo ophantsi wemveliso. Enye indlela yokunciphisa iindleko kukusebenzisa iqonga eliqhelekileyo leemodeli zeBEV kunye neFCEV. Oku okwangoku akunakwenzeka ngenxa yokuba iitanki ze-4 ze-cylindrical ezisetyenziselwa ukugcina igesi ye-H2 ecinezelekileyo (CGH2) kwi-bar ye-700 kwi-FCEVs ayifanelekanga kumacandelo ebhetri angaphantsi komhlaba alungiselelwe ngononophelo kwizithuthi zombane. Nangona kunjalo, iinqanawa zoxinzelelo ngohlobo lwemiqamelo kunye neetyhubhu zinokungena kule ndawo yokupakisha ecaba.
I-Patent US5577630A ye "I-Composite Conformal Pressure Vessel", isicelo esifakwe yi-Thiokol Corp. kwi-1995 (ngasekhohlo) kunye nenqanawa yoxinzelelo lwe-rectangular enelungelo lobunikazi yi-BMW kwi-2009 (ekunene).
ISebe leCarbon Composites (LCC) yeYunivesithi yaseMunich yezobuchwepheshe (TUM, Munich, Germany) ibandakanyeka kwiiprojekthi ezimbini zokuphuhlisa le ngcamango. Eyokuqala yiPolymers4Hydrogen (P4H), ekhokelwa yiLeoben Polymer Competence Centre (PCCL, Leoben, Austria). Iphakheji yomsebenzi weLCC ikhokelwa nguMlingane uElizabeth Glace.
Iprojekthi yesibini yi-Hydrogen Demonstration and Development Environment (HyDDen), apho i-LCC ikhokelwa ngumphandi uChristian Jaeger. Zombini zijolise ekudaleni umboniso omkhulu wenkqubo yokuvelisa ukwenza itanki efanelekileyo yeCGH2 usebenzisa i-carbon fiber composite.
Kukho i-volumetric esebenzayo elinganiselweyo xa iisilinda ezincinci ze-diameter zifakwe kwiiseli zebhetri ezisicaba (ngasekhohlo) kunye ne-cubic type 2 imikhumbi yoxinzelelo eyenziwe ngeentsimbi zentsimbi kunye ne-carbon fiber / epoxy composite igobolondo yangaphandle (ekunene). Umthombo woMfanekiso: Amanani 3 kunye ne-6 avela kwi-"Numerical Design Approach for Type II Pressure Box Vessel nge-Internal Tension Legs" nguRuf noZaremba et al.
I-P4H yenze itanki yovavanyo yetyhubhu esebenzisa isakhelo se-thermoplastic esinemitya edibeneyo yoxinzelelo/i-struts esongelwe kwi-carbon fibre eyomeleziweyo epoxy. I-HyDDen iya kusebenzisa uyilo olufanayo, kodwa iya kusebenzisa i-automatic fiber layup (AFP) ukwenza zonke iitanki ze-thermoplastic composite.
Ukususela kwisicelo selungelo elilodwa lomenzi we-Thiokol Corp. ukuya kwi-"Composite Conformal Pressure Vessel" ngo-1995 ukuya kwi-German Patent DE19749950C2 ngo-1997, iinqanawa zegesi ezixinzelelweyo "zinokuba naluphi na ulungelelwaniso lwejometri", kodwa ngokukodwa iimilo ezicaba kunye nezingaqhelekanga, kwisigxina esixhunywe kwinkxaso ye-shell shell. izinto ezisetyenziswayo ukuze bakwazi ukumelana namandla ukwanda kwerhasi.
Iphepha lika-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) lika-2006 lichaza iindlela ezintathu: isitya soxinzelelo lwe-filament, isitya soxinzelelo lwe-microlattice esinesakhiwo sangaphakathi se-orthorhombic lattice (iiseli ezincinci ze-2 cm okanye ngaphantsi), ejikelezwe yi-container ye-H2 encinci, kunye ne-replicator container, equka i-glue encinci ye-glue yangaphakathi. iiringi) kunye nokwakheka kwesikhumba seqokobhe elibhityileyo langaphandle. Izikhongozeli eziphindiweyo zezona zilungele izikhongozeli ezikhulu apho iindlela zemveli zinokuba nzima ukuzisebenzisa.
I-Patent DE102009057170A efakwe yiVolkswagen ngo-2009 ichaza umkhumbi woxinzelelo olufakwe kwisithuthi esiza kubonelela ngobunzima obuphezulu ngelixa uphucula ukusetyenziswa kwendawo. Iitanki ezixande zisebenzisa izihlanganisi zoxinzelelo phakathi kweendonga ezimbini ezijongene noxande, kwaye iikona zingqukuva.
Ezi ngcamango zingentla kunye nezinye zikhankanywe nguGleiss kwiphepha elithi "Uphuhliso lweNkqubo yeCubic Pressure Vessels nge-Stretch Bars" nguGleiss et al. e-ECCM20 (Juni 26-30, 2022, Lausanne, Switzerland). Kweli nqaku, ukhankanya uphononongo lwe-TUM olupapashwe nguMichael Roof kunye no-Sven Zaremba, olufumanise ukuba isitya soxinzelelo lwe-cubic kunye ne-tension struts edibanisa amacala angama-rectangular isebenza kakuhle kuneesilinda ezincinci ezimbalwa ezingena kwindawo yebhetri ecaba, inika malunga ne-25% ngaphezulu. indawo yokugcina.
Ngokutsho kukaGleiss, ingxaki yokufakela inani elikhulu leesilinda ezincinci zohlobo lwe-4 kwimeko ethe tyaba kukuba "umthamo phakathi kweesilinda uncitshiswe kakhulu kwaye inkqubo nayo inomgangatho omkhulu wegesi we-H2. Ngokubanzi, le nkqubo ibonelela ngomthamo omncinci wokugcina kuneengqayi ze-cubic."
Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye iingxaki kunye noyilo lwe-cubic yetanki. "Ngokucacileyo, ngenxa yegesi ecinezelekileyo, kufuneka uthintele amandla okugoba kwiindonga ezizicaba," kusho uGleiss. Ukwenzela oku, udinga ulwakhiwo oluqinisiweyo oludibanisa ngaphakathi kwiindonga zetanki.
UGlace kunye neqela lakhe bazama ukubandakanya imivalo yoxinzelelo kwinqanawa yoxinzelelo ngendlela enokuthi ilungele inkqubo yokujija imicu. “Oku kubalulekile kwimveliso enomthamo omkhulu,” uyacacisa, “kwaye kusivumela ukuba siyile iipatheni ezijikajikayo zeendonga zekhonteyina ukuze siphucule ukuqhelaniswa nefiber kumthwalo ngamnye kwindawo.”
Amanyathelo amane ukwenza itanki edibeneyo yetyhubhikhi yeprojekthi ye-P4H. Ikhredithi yomfanekiso: "Uphuhliso lwenkqubo yokuvelisa iinqanawa zoxinzelelo lwe-cubic kunye ne-brace", iYunivesithi yoBugcisa yaseMunich, iprojekthi yePolymers4Hydrogen, ECCM20, ngoJuni 2022.
Ukufezekisa i-on-chain, iqela liphuhlise ingcamango entsha equkethe amanyathelo amane aphambili, njengoko kubonisiwe ngasentla. I-tension struts, eboniswe kumnyama kumanyathelo, i-prefabricated frame framework eyenziwe kusetyenziswa iindlela ezithathwe kwiprojekthi ye-MAI Skelett. Kule projekthi, i-BMW iphuhlise isakhelo somoya we-windshield "isakhelo" sisebenzisa i-fiber-reinforced pultrusion rods, ezathi ke zabunjwa kwisakhelo seplastiki.
Isakhelo setanki yetyhubhikhi yovavanyo. Amacandelo amathambo angama-hexagonal i-3D eprintwe yi-TUM usebenzisa i-PLA filament engaqiniswanga (phezulu), ifake i-CF/PA6 i-pultrusion rods njenge-tension braces (embindini) kwaye emva koko isonge i-filament kwi-braces (ezantsi). Ikhredithi yomfanekiso: IYunivesithi yobuGcisa yaseMunich LCC.
"Ingcamango kukuba unokwakha isakhelo setanki ye-cubic njengesakhiwo semodyuli," kusho uGlace. "Ezi modyuli emva koko zibekwe kwisixhobo sokubumba, i-tension struts ibekwe kwiimodyuli zesakhelo, emva koko kusetyenziswe indlela ye-MAI Skelett ejikeleze i-struts ukuyidibanisa kunye nesakhelo." indlela imveliso yobunzima, okubangela ukuba isakhiwo ke isetyenziswe njenge mandrel okanye core ukusonga itanki yokugcina composite iqokobhe.
I-TUM yenzelwe isakhelo setanki njenge-cubic "cushion" enamacala aqinileyo, iikona ezijikelezileyo kunye nephethini enehexagonal phezulu nasezantsi apho izibophelelo zinokufakwa kwaye zincanyathiselwe. Imingxuma yezi rakhi nayo iprintwe nge-3D. "Kwitanki yethu yokuqala yokuhlola, thina i-3D siprinte amacandelo efreyimu ene-hexagonal sisebenzisa i-polylactic acid [i-PLA, i-bio-based thermoplastic] ngenxa yokuba yayilula kwaye ingabizi," kusho uGlace.
Iqela lithenge i-68 pultruded carbon fiber eqiniswe i-polyamide 6 (PA6) iintonga ezivela kwi-SGL Carbon (Meitingen, eJamani) ukuze zisetyenziswe njengezibophelelo. UGleiss uthi: “Ukuvavanya le ngcamango, asizange senze naluphi na uhlobo lokubumba, kodwa safaka nje izikhewu kwifreyim yobusi eprintiweyo eyi-3D saza sayincamathelisa ngeglu epoxy. Uphawula ukuba nangona ezi ntonga kulula ukuzibetha emoyeni, kukho iingxaki ezibalulekileyo eziya kuchazwa kamva.
"Kwinqanaba lokuqala, injongo yethu yayikubonisa ukuveliswa koyilo kunye nokuchonga iingxaki kwingcamango yokuvelisa," kuchaza uGleiss. "Ngoko i-tension struts iphuma kumphezulu ongaphandle we-skeletal structure, kwaye sincamathisela i-carbon fibers kulo mbindi ngokusebenzisa i-filament emanzi." Emva koko, kwisinyathelo sesithathu, sigoba intloko yentonga nganye yeqhina. thermoplastic, ngoko sisebenzisa ubushushu ukuyila kwakhona intloko ukuze ithobe kwaye itshixe kuluhlu lokuqala lwe-West kwakhona ukuze iqhubele phambili kwi-flat. ifakwe kwi-geometrically ngaphakathi kwe-laminate kwiindonga.
I-Spacer cap yokujija. I-TUM isebenzisa iminqwazi yeplastiki kwiincam zeentonga zoxinzelelo ukuze ithintele imicu ukuba ingajingi ngexesha lokujika kwefilament. Ikhredithi yomfanekiso: IYunivesithi yobuGcisa yaseMunich LCC.
UGlace waphinda wathi le tanki yokuqala yayibubungqina bengcamango. Ukusetyenziswa koshicilelo lwe-3D kunye neglu yayikuvavanyo lokuqala kuphela kwaye yasinika umbono weengxaki ezimbalwa esiye sadibana nazo. Umzekelo, ngexesha lokujija, iifilaments zabanjwa ngeziphelo zeentonga zoxinzelelo, zibangela ukuqhekeka kwefayibha, ukonakaliswa kwefayibha, kunye nokunciphisa inani lefayibha ukuchasa oku. Sasebenzisa iminqwazi embalwa yeplastiki njengezixhobo zokuvelisa ezazibekwe, xa senziwa izibonda zomoya ngaphambi kokuba zisuswe izibonda zomoya. iminqwazi yokhuselo kwaye yalungisa iziphelo zezibonda ngaphambi kokuba isonge okokugqibela.”
Iqela lizame ngeemeko ezahlukeneyo zokwakha ngokutsha. UGrace uthi: “Abo bajonga indawo basebenza kakuhle. "Kwakhona, ngexesha lesigaba sokulinganisa, sasebenzisa isixhobo sokuwelda esilungisiweyo sokubeka ubushushu kwaye siphinde simise iziphelo zentonga. Kwingcamango yokuvelisa ngobuninzi, uya kuba nesixhobo esinye esikhulu esinokubumba kwaye senze zonke iziphelo ze-struts zibe yi-laminate yangaphakathi yokugqiba ngaxeshanye. "
Iintloko ze-drawbar zibunjwe ngokutsha. I-TUM yenza umfuniselo ngeengqiqo ezahlukeneyo kwaye iguqule iiwelds ukulungelelanisa iziphelo zeqhina elihlanganisiweyo lokuncamathisela kwi-tank wall laminate. Ikhredithi yomfanekiso: "Uphuhliso lwenkqubo yokuvelisa iinqanawa zoxinzelelo lwe-cubic kunye ne-brace", iYunivesithi yoBugcisa yaseMunich, iprojekthi yePolymers4Hydrogen, ECCM20, ngoJuni 2022.
Ngaloo ndlela, i-laminate iphiliswa emva kwesinyathelo sokuqala sokuphefumula, izithuba zihlaziywa ngokutsha, i-TUM igqiba ukuvuthwa kwesibini kweefayili, kwaye i-laminate yodonga lwangaphandle luphiliswa okwesibini. Nceda uqaphele ukuba olu luhlobo lwe-tank ye-5 yoyilo, oku kuthetha ukuba ayinayo iplastiki yeplastiki njengesithintelo segesi. Jonga ingxoxo kwicandelo lamaNyathelo alandelayo ngezantsi.
"Sinqumle i-demo yokuqala kumacandelo anqamlezayo kwaye senze imephu yendawo edibeneyo," kusho uGlace. "Ukusondeza kubonisa ukuba sinemiba esemgangathweni kunye ne-laminate, kunye neentloko ze-strut zingahlali caba kwi-laminate yangaphakathi."
Ukusombulula iingxaki ngezithuba phakathi kwe-laminate yeendonga zangaphakathi nangaphandle zetanki. Intloko yentonga elungisiweyo yenza umsantsa phakathi kokujika kokuqala kunye nesibini kwetanki yovavanyo. Ikhredithi yomfanekiso: IYunivesithi yobuGcisa yaseMunich LCC.
Eli tanki lokuqala le-450 x 290 x 80mm ligqitywe kwihlobo elidlulileyo. “Senze inkqubela phambili ukusukela ngoko, kodwa sisenomsantsa phakathi kwelaminate yangaphakathi nengaphandle,” utshilo uGlace. "Ngoko sazama ukuzalisa ezo zikhewu nge-resin ecocekileyo, ephezulu ye-viscosity. Oku ngokwenene kuphucula ukudibanisa phakathi kwe-studs kunye ne-laminate, okwandisa kakhulu uxinzelelo lomatshini."
Iqela liqhubekile nokuphuhlisa uyilo lwetanki kunye nenkqubo, kubandakanywa nezisombululo zepateni yokujika efunekayo. "Amacala etanki yokuvavanya ayengagotywanga ngokupheleleyo kuba kwakunzima kule geometry ukudala indlela ejikelezayo," uGlace wachaza. "I-angle yethu yokuqala yokuphefumula yayiyi-75 °, kodwa sasisazi ukuba iisekethe ezininzi zazifuneka ukuhlangabezana nomthwalo kule nqanawa yoxinzelelo. Sisafuna isisombululo kule ngxaki, kodwa akulula kunye nesofthiwe ekhoyo ngoku kwimarike. Inokuba yiprojekthi yokulandelela.
UGleiss uthi: "Sibonise ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba le ngcamango yokuvelisa, kodwa kufuneka sisebenze ngakumbi ukuze siphucule uxhulumaniso phakathi kwe-laminate kunye nokuvuselela iintonga zokubopha." Uvavanyo lwangaphandle kumatshini wokuvavanya. Ukhupha i-spacers kwi-laminate kwaye uvavanye imithwalo yomatshini enokuthi loo malungu akwazi ukumelana. "
Le nxalenye yeprojekthi yePolymers4Hydrogen iya kugqitywa ekupheleni kuka-2023, ngelo xesha i-Gleis inethemba lokugqiba itanki yokubonisa yesibini. Okubangela umdla kukuba, uyilo namhlanje lusebenzisa i-thermoplastics eyomeleziweyo ecocekileyo kwisakhelo kunye ne-thermoset composite kwiindonga zetanki. Ngaba le ndlela yokudibanisa iya kusetyenziswa kwitanki yokugqibela yokubonisa? “Ewe,” watsho uGrace. "Amaqabane ethu kwiprojekthi yePolymers4Hydrogen aphuhlisa i-epoxy resins kunye nezinye izinto ezidibeneyo zematrix ezineempawu ezingcono zesithintelo se-hydrogen." Udwelisa amaqabane amabini asebenza kulo msebenzi, i-PCCL kunye neYunivesithi yaseTampere (iTampere, eFinland).
UGleiss kunye neqela lakhe batshintshiselana ngolwazi kwaye baxoxa ngezimvo kunye noJaeger kwiprojekthi yesibini yeHyDDen evela kwi-LCC edibeneyo edibeneyo.
"Siza kube sivelisa inqanawa yoxinzelelo edibeneyo yophando lweedrones," utshilo uJaeger. "Le yintsebenziswano phakathi kwamasebe amabini eSebe le-Aerospace kunye ne-Geodetic ye-TUM - i-LCC kunye neSebe le-Helicopter Technology (HT). Le projekthi iya kugqitywa ekupheleni kwe-2024 kwaye ngoku sigqibezela umkhumbi woxinzelelo. Uyilo olungaphezulu kwe-aerospace kunye ne-automotive approach. Emva kwesi sigaba sokuqala sombono, inyathelo elilandelayo kukwenza imodeli ecacileyo yesakhiwo sodonga. "
"Yonke ingcamango kukuphuhlisa i-drone yokuhlola kunye ne-hybrid cell cell kunye ne-battery propulsion system," waqhubeka. Iza kusebenzisa ibhetri ngexesha lomthwalo ophezulu wamandla (okt ukumka kunye nokuhla) kwaye emva koko utshintshele kwiseli yamafutha ngexesha lokuhamba komthwalo okhanyayo. "Iqela le-HT sele line-drone yophando kwaye yaphinda yaqulunqa i-powertrain ukuze isebenzise zombini iibhetri kunye neeseli zepetroli," kusho uYeager. "Baye bathenga itanki yeCGH2 ukuvavanya olu thumo."
"Iqela lam lalinomsebenzi wokwakha i-tank yoxinzelelo enokuthi ilingane, kodwa kungekhona ngenxa yemicimbi yokupakisha eya kudalwa itanki ye-cylindrical," uyachaza. "Itanki ethambileyo ayinikezeli ukumelana nomoya. Ngoko ufumana ukusebenza ngcono kwenqwelomoya." Imilinganiselo yetanki malunga. 830 x 350 x 173 mm.
Itanki ehambelana ne-thermoplastic ye-AFP ngokupheleleyo. Kwiprojekthi ye-HyDDen, iqela le-LCC e-TUM ekuqaleni lihlolisise indlela efanayo naleyo isetyenziswe yi-Glace (ngasentla), kodwa emva koko yafudukela kwindlela yokusebenzisa udibaniso lweemodyuli ezininzi zesakhiwo, eziye zasetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo ngokusebenzisa i-AFP (ngezantsi). Ikhredithi yomfanekiso: IYunivesithi yobuGcisa yaseMunich LCC.
UYager uthi: "Olunye uluvo lufana nendlela ka-Elisabeth [Gleiss], ukusebenzisa i-tension braces kudonga lwenqanawa ukuhlawulela amandla okugoba aphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, endaweni yokusebenzisa inkqubo yokugoba ukwenza itanki, sisebenzisa i-AFP. Ngoko ke, sacinga ngokudala icandelo elihlukeneyo lomkhumbi woxinzelelo, apho iirakhi sele zidibene. ukujija.”
"Sizama ukugqiba ingcamango enjalo," waqhubeka, "kwaye siqale ukuvavanya ukukhethwa kwezinto, okubaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuxhathisa okufunekayo ekungeneni kwegesi ye-H2. Kule nto, sisebenzisa izixhobo ze-thermoplastic kwaye sisebenza ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo ukuba izinto ziya kuchaphazela njani le ndlela yokuziphatha kunye nokucubungula kumatshini we-AFP. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba unyango luya kuba nefuthe kwaye ukuba kukho nayiphi na i-postprocessing efunekayo ukwazi ukuba i-hydrogen iya kufuna i-postprocessing. ngenqanawa yoxinzelelo. "
Itanki iya kwenziwa ngokupheleleyo nge-thermoplastic kwaye imicu iya kunikezelwa nguTeijin Carbon Europe GmbH (Wuppertal, Germany). "Siza kusebenzisa i-PPS yabo [i-polyphenylene sulfide], i-PEEK [i-polyether ketone] kunye ne-LM PAEK [i-low melting polyaryl ketone] izinto," kusho uYager. "Uthelekiso lwenziwa ukuze kubonwe ukuba yeyiphi eyona ilungileyo ekukhuseleni ukungena kunye nokuvelisa iinxalenye ezisebenza ngcono." Unethemba lokugqiba uvavanyo, ulwakhiwo kunye nenkqubo yokwenza imodeli kunye nemiboniso yokuqala kulo nyaka uzayo.
Umsebenzi wophando wenziwa ngaphakathi kwimodyuli ye-COMET "Polymers4Hydrogen" (ID 21647053) ngaphakathi kwenkqubo ye-COMET ye-Federal Ministry yoTshintsho lweMozulu, i-Environmental, Energy, Mobility, Innovation and Technology kunye ne-Federal Ministry ye-Digital Technology kunye ne-Economics. . Ababhali babulela amaqabane athatha inxaxheba iZiko lePolymer Competence Centre Leoben GmbH (PCCL, Austria), Montanuniversitaet Leoben (Faculty of Polymer Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry of Polymer Materials, Department of Materials Science and Polymer Testing), University of Tampere (Faculty of Engineering Materials). ) Inzululwazi), iPeak Technology kunye noFaurecia banegalelo kulo msebenzi wophando. I-COMET-Modul ixhaswa ngemali ngurhulumente wase-Austria kunye norhulumente welizwe laseStyria.
Amaphepha aqiniswe kwangaphambili kwizakhiwo ezithwala imithwalo ziqulethe iifayili eziqhubekayo - kungekhona nje kwiglasi, kodwa nakwikhabhoni kunye ne-aramid.
Zininzi iindlela zokwenza iinxalenye ezihlanganisiweyo. Ngoko ke, ukhetho lwendlela yecandelo elithile luya kuxhomekeka kwizinto eziphathekayo, ukuyila kwenxalenye, kunye nokusetyenziswa kokugqibela okanye ukusetyenziswa. Nasi isikhokelo sokhetho.
I-Shocker Composites kunye ne-R&M International baphuhlisa isixokelelwano sobonelelo nge-carbon fiber esetyenzisiweyo enikezela ngokuxhela, indleko ephantsi kunefayibha enyulu kwaye ekugqibeleni iyakunikezela ngobude obusondela kwifayibha eqhubekayo kwiipropati zesakhiwo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-15-2023