Iitanki eziqhelekileyo zeplatifomu ethe tyaba ze-BEVs kunye ne-FCEVs zisebenzisa i-thermoplastic kunye ne-thermoset composites enolwakhiwo lwe-skeleton olubonelela nge-25% yokugcina i-H2 engaphezulu. #hydrogen #trends
Emva kokuba intsebenziswano neBMW ibonise ukuba itanki yetyhubhu inokubonelela ngokusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu kuneesilinda ezincinci ezininzi, iYunivesithi yobuGcisa yaseMunich yaqalisa iprojekthi yokuphuhlisa isakhiwo esidibeneyo kunye nenkqubo yokuvelisa enokwandiswa ukuze kwenziwe imveliso ngokulandelelana. Umfanekiso: TU Dresden (phezulu) ekhohlo), iYunivesithi yobuGcisa yaseMunich, iSebe leeComposites zeKhabhoni (LCC)
Izithuthi zombane ze-fuel cell (ii-FCEV) ezisebenza nge-hydrogen engenakukhutshwa (i-H2) zibonelela ngeendlela ezongezelelweyo zokufezekisa iinjongo zokusingqongileyo ze-zero. Imoto yabakhweli be-fuel cell enenjini ye-H2 inokuzaliswa kwimizuzu emi-5-7 kwaye inomgama we-500 km, kodwa okwangoku ibiza kakhulu ngenxa yobuninzi bemveliso ephantsi. Enye indlela yokunciphisa iindleko kukusebenzisa iqonga eliqhelekileyo leemodeli ze-BEV kunye ne-FCEV. Oku akunakwenzeka okwangoku kuba iitanki ze-Type 4 cylindrical ezisetyenziselwa ukugcina igesi ye-H2 ecinezelweyo (CGH2) kwi-700 bar kwi-FCEV azifanelekanga kwiindawo zebhetri ezingaphantsi komzimba ezenzelwe ngononophelo izithuthi zombane. Nangona kunjalo, izitya zoxinzelelo ezikwimo yemiqamelo kunye neetyhubhu zinokungena kule ndawo yokupakishwa ethe tyaba.
Ilungelo lomenzi wephepha-mvume i-US5577630A le-“Composite Conformal Pressure Vessel”, isicelo esafakwa yiThiokol Corp. ngo-1995 (ekhohlo) kunye nelo nqanawa yomenzi wephepha-mvume eliyingxande elinelungelo lomenzi wephepha-mvume i-BMW ngo-2009 (ekunene).
ISebe leeCarbon Composites (LCC) leYunivesithi yobuGcisa yaseMunich (TUM, eMunich, eJamani) libandakanyeka kwiiprojekthi ezimbini zokuphuhlisa le ngcamango. Eyokuqala yiPolymers4Hydrogen (P4H), ekhokelwa yiLeoben Polymer Competence Center (PCCL, eLeoben, eAustria). Iphakheji yomsebenzi yeLCC ikhokelwa nguFellow Elizabeth Glace.
Iprojekthi yesibini yiHydrogen Demonstration and Development Environment (HyDDen), apho i-LCC ikhokelwa nguMphengululi uChristian Jaeger. Zombini zijolise ekudaleni umboniso omkhulu wenkqubo yokuvelisa yokwenza itanki yeCGH2 efanelekileyo kusetyenziswa ii-carbon fiber composites.
Kukho ukusebenza okulinganiselweyo kwevolumu xa kufakwa ii-cylinders ezincinci ezinobubanzi kwiiseli zebhetri ezisicaba (ekhohlo) kunye nee-cubic type 2 pressure vessels ezenziwe ngee-steel liners kunye ne-carbon fiber/epoxy composite outer shell (ekunene). Umthombo woMfanekiso: Imifanekiso 3 kunye no-6 zivela kwi-"Numerical Design Approach for Type II Pressure Box Vessel with Internal Tension Legs" nguRuf noZaremba et al.
I-P4H yenze itanki yetyhubhu yovavanyo esebenzisa isakhelo se-thermoplastic esineentambo/ii-struts ze-composite tension ezisongelwe kwi-carbon fiber reinforced epoxy. I-HyDDen iza kusebenzisa uyilo olufanayo, kodwa iza kusebenzisa i-automatic fiber layup (AFP) ukwenza zonke iitanki ze-thermoplastic composite.
Ukususela kwisicelo sepatent esenziwe yiThiokol Corp. ukuya kwi-“Composite Conformal Pressure Vessel” ngo-1995 ukuya kwiPatent yaseJamani i-DE19749950C2 ngo-1997, iinqanawa zegesi ezixinzelelweyo “zinokuba nolwakhiwo lwejometri”, kodwa ingakumbi iimilo ezithe tyaba nezingaqhelekanga, kwindawo eqhagamshelwe kwinkxaso yeqokobhe. Izinto ezisetyenziswayo ukuze zikwazi ukumelana namandla okwanda kwegesi.
Iphepha lika-2006 leLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) lichaza iindlela ezintathu: isitsha soxinzelelo esifana ne-filament wound conformal, isitsha soxinzelelo se-microlattice esinesakhiwo sangaphakathi se-orthorhombic lattice (iiseli ezincinci ezi-2 cm okanye ngaphantsi), esijikelezwe sisitya se-H2 esinodonga oluncinci, kunye nesitsha sokuphindaphindeka, esinesakhiwo sangaphakathi esineenxalenye ezincinci ezincamathelisiweyo (umz., iiringi zeplastiki ezineenxantathu) kunye nokwakheka kwesikhumba sangaphandle esincinci. Izitya eziphindwe kabini zilungele kakhulu izitya ezinkulu apho iindlela zemveli zinokuba nzima ukuzisebenzisa.
Ilungelo lobunikazi i-DE102009057170A elafakwa yiVolkswagen ngo-2009 lichaza isitya soxinzelelo esifakwe kwisithuthi esiya kubonelela ngokusebenza kakuhle kobunzima ngelixa siphucula ukusetyenziswa kwendawo. Iitanki ezizinxantathu zisebenzisa izihlanganisi zoxinzelelo phakathi kweendonga ezimbini ezinxantathu ezichaseneyo, kwaye iikona zijikelezile.
Ezi ngcamango zingasentla kunye nezinye zikhankanyiwe nguGleiss kwiphepha elithi “Uphuhliso lweNkqubo yeeVessels zoXinzelelo lweCubic ezineeStretch Bars” nguGleiss et al. kwiECCM20 (Juni 26-30, 2022, eLausanne, eSwitzerland). Kweli nqaku, ucaphula uphando lwe-TUM olupapashwe nguMichael Roof kunye noSven Zaremba, olufumanise ukuba isitya soxinzelelo lwecubic esinee-struts zoxinzelelo ezidibanisa amacala angxande sisebenza kakuhle kunee-cylinders ezincinci ezininzi ezilingana kwindawo yebhetri ethe tyaba, zibonelela malunga ne-25% yendawo yokugcina.
Ngokutsho kukaGleiss, ingxaki yokufaka inani elikhulu leesilinda ezincinci ze-type 4 kwi-flat case kukuba "umthamo phakathi kweesilinda unciphile kakhulu kwaye inkqubo ikwanayo nomphezulu omkhulu kakhulu wokungena kwegesi ye-H2. Lilonke, inkqubo inika amandla okugcina amancinci kuneejagi zetyhubhu."
Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye iingxaki ngoyilo lwetyhubhu yetanki. “Ngokucacileyo, ngenxa yegesi ecinezelweyo, kufuneka ulwe namandla okugoba kwiindonga ezithe tyaba,” utshilo uGleiss. “Ukuze oku kwenzeke, udinga isakhiwo esiqinisiweyo esidibanisa ngaphakathi kwiindonga zetanki. Kodwa oko kunzima ukukwenza ngee-composites.”
UGlace kunye neqela lakhe bazama ukufaka imivalo yoxinzelelo yokuqinisa kwisitya soxinzelelo ngendlela eya kufaneleka kwinkqubo yokusonga ifilament. “Oku kubalulekile kwimveliso enomthamo omkhulu,” uyacacisa, “kwaye kusenza sikwazi ukuyila ipateni yokusonga yeendonga zesikhongozeli ukuze siphucule indlela esebenza ngayo ifayibha kumthwalo ngamnye kwindawo leyo.”
Amanyathelo amane okwenza itanki ye-cubic composite yovavanyo kwiprojekthi ye-P4H. Umfanekiso uvela kumfanekiso: “Uphuhliso lwenkqubo yokuvelisa imikhumbi yoxinzelelo lwe-cubic ene-brace”, iYunivesithi yoBugcisa yaseMunich, iprojekthi yePolymers4Hydrogen, i-ECCM20, ngoJuni 2022.
Ukuze kufezekiswe i-on-chain, iqela liphuhlise ingcamango entsha equlathe amanyathelo amane aphambili, njengoko kubonisiwe apha ngasentla. Ii-struts zoxinzelelo, eziboniswe ngombala omnyama kumanyathelo, zisakhiwo sesakhelo esenziwe kwangaphambili esenziwe ngeendlela ezithathwe kwiprojekthi ye-MAI Skelett. Kule projekthi, i-BMW yenze "isakhelo" sesakhelo sefestile sisebenzisa iintonga ezine ze-pultrusion eziqiniswe ngefayibha, ezathi emva koko zabunjwa zaba yisakhelo seplastiki.
Isakhelo setanki yetyhubhu yovavanyo. Amacandelo e-skeletal ane-hexagonal aprintwe nge-3D yi-TUM kusetyenziswa i-filament ye-PLA engaqiniswanga (phezulu), kufakwa iintonga ze-pultrusion ze-CF/PA6 njenge-tension braces (embindini) uze emva koko ugqume i-filament ujikeleze ii-braces (ezantsi). Umfanekiso uvela kwi: Technical University of Munich LCC.
“Ingcamango kukuba ungakha isakhelo setanki yetyhubhu njengesakhiwo semodyuli,” utshilo uGlace. “Ezi modyuli emva koko zifakwa kwisixhobo sokubumba, ii-struts zoxinzelelo zifakwa kwiimodyuli zefreyimu, kwaye emva koko indlela ka-MAI Skelett isetyenziswa ukujikeleza ii-struts ukuze zihlanganiswe neendawo zefreyimu.” indlela yokuvelisa ngobuninzi, nto leyo ephumela kwisakhiwo esisetyenziswa njenge-mandrel okanye isiseko sokusonga igobolondo le-composite tank yokugcina.
I-TUM iyile isakhelo setanki njenge-"cushion" yetyhubhu enamacala aqinileyo, iikona ezijikelezileyo kunye nephethini yehexagonal phezulu nasezantsi apho iintambo zinokufakwa kwaye zincamathiselwe khona. Imingxunya yezi raki nayo yayiprintwe nge-3D. “Kwitanki yethu yokuqala yovavanyo, siprinte i-3D amacandelo esakhelo sehexagonal sisebenzisa i-polylactic acid [PLA, i-thermoplastic esekwe kwi-bio] kuba yayilula kwaye ingabizi,” utshilo uGlace.
Iqela lithenge iintonga ezingama-68 ze-carbon fiber eziqinisiweyo ze-polyamide 6 (PA6) ezifakwe kwi-SGL Carbon (eMeitingen, eJamani) ukuze zisetyenziswe njengee-tie. “Ukuvavanya le ngcamango, asizange senze naluphi na uhlobo lokubumba,” utshilo uGleiss, “kodwa sifake nje ii-spacers kwisakhelo se-honeycomb esiprintiweyo se-3D saza sazincamathisela nge-epoxy glue. Oku ke kubonelela nge-mandrel yokusonga itanki.” Uqaphela ukuba nangona ezi ntonga kulula ukuzisonga, kukho iingxaki ezibalulekileyo eziza kuchazwa kamva.
“Kwinqanaba lokuqala, injongo yethu yayikukubonisa indlela yokwenziwa koyilo kunye nokuchonga iingxaki kwingcamango yemveliso,” ucacisile uGleiss. “Ngoko ke ii-struts zoxinzelelo ziphuma kumphezulu ongaphandle wesakhiwo samathambo, kwaye sincamathisela iifayibha zekhabhoni kule ngundoqo sisebenzisa i-filament winding emanzi. Emva koko, kwinyathelo lesithathu, sigoba intloko yentonga nganye yokubopha. Ngoko ke sisebenzisa ubushushu ukwenza intloko ibe yithambe kwaye ivaleleke kumaleko wokuqala wokusonga. Emva koko siqhubeka nokusonga isakhiwo kwakhona ukuze intloko ethe tyaba ivalwe ngokwejometri ngaphakathi kwitanki. Sifaka i-laminate eludongeni.
Isivalo sesithuba sokusonga. I-TUM isebenzisa izivalo zeplastiki eziphelweni zeentonga zokuxinanisa ukuthintela iifayibha ukuba zingadibani ngexesha lokusonga ifilament. Umfanekiso uvela kwi: Technical University of Munich LCC.
UGlace uphinde wathi le tanki yokuqala yayibubungqina bengcamango. "Ukusetyenziswa koshicilelo lwe-3D kunye neglue bekukuvavanyo lokuqala kuphela kwaye kwasinika umbono weengxaki ezimbalwa esidibene nazo. Umzekelo, ngexesha lokusonga, imicu yayibanjwa ziziphelo zeentonga zoxinzelelo, nto leyo eyabangela ukwaphuka kwefayibha, umonakalo wefayibha, kunye nokunciphisa ubungakanani befayibha ukumelana noku. Sisebenzise ii-cap ezimbalwa zeplastiki njengezixhobo zokwenza izinto ezazibekwa kwiipali ngaphambi kwenyathelo lokuqala lokusonga. Emva koko, xa kwenziwa ii-laminates zangaphakathi, sazisusa ezi cap zokukhusela saza sazilungisa kwakhona iziphelo zeepali ngaphambi kokuzisongelwa kokugqibela."
Iqela lizame iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokwakha ngokutsha. “Abo bajonga-jongayo basebenza kakuhle,” utshilo uGrace. “Kwakhona, ngexesha lesigaba sokulinganisa, sisebenzise isixhobo sokuwelda esilungisiweyo ukufaka ubushushu kunye nokubumba kwakhona iziphelo zentonga yokubopha. Kwingcamango yokuvelisa ngobuninzi, ubuya kuba nesixhobo esinye esikhulu esinokubumba kwaye senze zonke iziphelo ze-struts zibe yi-laminate yangaphakathi ngexesha elinye.”
Iintloko ze-Drawbar zaphinda zabunjwa. I-TUM yazama iingcamango ezahlukeneyo yaza yatshintsha ii-welds ukuze zilungelelanise iziphelo zee-composite ties zokuncamathisela kwi-laminate eludongeni lwetanki. Umfanekiso otyhilwe ngu: “Uphuhliso lwenkqubo yokuvelisa imikhumbi yoxinzelelo lwe-cubic ene-brace”, IYunivesithi yoBugcisa yaseMunich, iprojekthi yePolymers4Hydrogen, i-ECCM20, ngoJuni 2022.
Ngoko ke, i-laminate iyanyangwa emva kwenyathelo lokuqala lokujija, iintsika ziyabunjwa ngokutsha, i-TUM igqibezela ukujija kwesibini kwee-filaments, kwaye emva koko i-laminate yodonga lwetanki yangaphandle iyanyangwa okwesibini. Nceda uqaphele ukuba olu luyilo lwetanki yohlobo lwe-5, oko kuthetha ukuba ayinayo i-liner yeplastiki njengesithintelo segesi. Jonga ingxoxo kwicandelo le-Next Steps ngezantsi.
“Siyinqumle idemo yokuqala yamacandelo ahlukeneyo saza sadweba indawo edibeneyo,” utshilo uGlace. “Uphononongo olusondeleyo lubonisa ukuba besineengxaki ezithile kumgangatho we-laminate, iintloko ze-strut zingabekwanga tyaba kwi-laminate yangaphakathi.”
Ukusombulula iingxaki ngezithuba phakathi kwe-laminate yeendonga zangaphakathi nezangaphandle zetanki. Intloko yentonga yokubopha eguquliweyo idala isithuba phakathi kokujika kokuqala nokwesibini kwetanki yovavanyo. Umfanekiso uvela kwi: Technical University of Munich LCC.
Le tanki yokuqala engama-450 x 290 x 80mm igqitywe ehlotyeni elidlulileyo. “Senze inkqubela phambili enkulu ukusukela ngoko, kodwa sisenesithuba phakathi kwe-laminate yangaphakathi neyangaphandle,” utshilo uGlace. “Ngoko ke sizamile ukuzalisa ezo zikhewu nge-resin ecocekileyo, ene-viscosity ephezulu. Oku kuphucula unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-studs kunye ne-laminate, nto leyo eyandisa kakhulu uxinzelelo loomatshini.”
Iqela laqhubeka nokuphuhlisa uyilo lwetanki kunye nenkqubo, kuquka nezisombululo zepateni yokujika efunekayo. “Amacala etanki yovavanyo ayengagobekanga ngokupheleleyo kuba kwakunzima ukuba le geometry idale indlela yokujika,” ucacisa uGlace. “I-engile yethu yokuqala yokujika yayiyi-75°, kodwa besisazi ukuba kufuneka iisekethe ezininzi ukuhlangabezana nomthwalo kwesi sitya soxinzelelo. Sisafuna isisombululo sale ngxaki, kodwa akulula ngesoftware ekhoyo ngoku kwimarike. Isenokuba yiprojekthi elandelayo.
“Sibonakalise ukuba le ngcamango yemveliso inokwenzeka,” utshilo uGleiss, “kodwa kufuneka sisebenze ngakumbi ukuphucula unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-laminate kunye nokubumba ngokutsha iintambo zokubopha. “Uvavanyo lwangaphandle kumatshini wokuvavanya. Ukhupha ii-spacers kwi-laminate kwaye uvavanye imithwalo yoomatshini enokunyanyezelwa zezo zixhumanisi.”
Le nxalenye yeprojekthi yePolymers4Hydrogen iza kugqitywa ekupheleni kuka-2023, ngelo xesha uGleis unethemba lokugqiba itanki yesibini yokubonisa. Okubangel’ umdla kukuba, uyilo namhlanje lusebenzisa ii-thermoplastics eziqinisiweyo ezicocekileyo kwisakhelo kunye nee-thermoset composites kwiindonga zetanki. Ngaba le ndlela yokudibanisa iza kusetyenziswa kwitanki yokugqibela yokubonisa? “Ewe,” utshilo uGrace. “Amaqabane ethu kwiprojekthi yePolymers4Hydrogen aphuhlisa ii-epoxy resins kunye nezinye izinto ze-composite matrix ezineempawu ezingcono zokuthintela i-hydrogen.” Udwelisa amaqabane amabini asebenza kulo msebenzi, i-PCCL kunye neYunivesithi yaseTampere (eTampere, eFinland).
UGleiss kunye neqela lakhe batshintshiselana ngolwazi baza baxoxa ngezimvo noJaeger kwiprojekthi yesibini yeHyDDen evela kwitanki ye-LCC conformal composite.
“Siza kuvelisa inqanawa yoxinzelelo edibeneyo ehambelanayo yedroni zophando,” utshilo uJaeger. “Le yintsebenziswano phakathi kwamasebe amabini eSebe le-Aerospace kunye neGeodetic le-TUM – LCC kunye neSebe leTekhnoloji yeHelikopta (HT). Le projekthi iza kugqitywa ekupheleni kuka-2024 kwaye okwangoku sigqibezela inqanawa yoxinzelelo. uyilo olufana kakhulu nendlela yeenqwelo moya kunye neyezithuthi. Emva kweli nqanaba lokuqala lengcamango, inyathelo elilandelayo kukwenza imodeli yesakhiwo eneenkcukacha kunye nokuqikelela ukusebenza komqobo wesakhiwo sodonga.”
“Ingcinga yonke kukuphuhlisa idrone yokuhlola ene-hybrid fuel cell kunye nenkqubo yokuqhuba ibhetri,” uqhube watsho. Iza kusebenzisa ibhetri xa ithwala amandla amaninzi (oko kukuthi, ukusuka nokufika) ize itshintshele kwi-fuel cell xa ithwala umthwalo omncinci. “Iqela le-HT sele linedrone yophando kwaye layihlaziya kwakhona i-powertrain ukuze isebenzise zombini iibhetri kunye nee-fuel cells,” utshilo uYeager. “Bathenge netanki ye-CGH2 ukuvavanya olu dluliselo.”
“Iqela lam lanikwa umsebenzi wokwakha iprototype yetanki yoxinzelelo eyayiza kufaneleka, kodwa kungekhona ngenxa yeengxaki zokupakisha ezaziza kuveliswa yitanki esilinda,” ucacisa. “Itanki ethe tyaba ayiniki ukumelana nomoya kangako. Ngoko ke ufumana ukusebenza ngcono kokubhabha.” Ubukhulu betanki bumalunga ne-830 x 350 x 173 mm.
Itanki ehambelana ngokupheleleyo ne-thermoplastic AFP. Kwiprojekthi yeHyDDen, iqela le-LCC e-TUM ekuqaleni lihlolisise indlela efanayo naleyo isetyenziswa nguGlace (ngasentla), kodwa emva koko latshintshela kwindlela esebenzisa indibaniselwano yeemodyuli ezininzi zokwakha, ezathi emva koko zasetyenziswa kakhulu kusetyenziswa i-AFP (ngezantsi). Umfanekiso uvela kwi-Technical University of Munich LCC.
“Enye ingcamango ifana nendlela ka-Elisabeth [Gleiss],” utshilo uYager, “yokufaka izikhonkwane zoxinzelelo eludongeni lwenqanawa ukuze kulungiswe amandla aphezulu okugoba. Nangona kunjalo, endaweni yokusebenzisa inkqubo yokugoba ukwenza itanki, sisebenzisa i-AFP. Ke ngoko, sicinge ngokudala icandelo elahlukileyo lenqanawa yoxinzelelo, apho iirakhi sele zidibene khona. Le ndlela indivumele ukuba ndidibanise ezininzi zezi modyuli zidibeneyo ndize ndisebenzise isivalo sokugqibela ukuze ndivale yonke into ngaphambi kokuba kugobe i-AFP yokugqibela.”
“Sizama ukugqiba ingcamango enjalo,” waqhubeka, “kwaye siqale ukuvavanya ukukhethwa kwezinto, nto leyo ebaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukumelana okufunekayo ekungeneni kwegesi ye-H2. Ngenxa yoku, sisebenzisa kakhulu izinto ze-thermoplastic kwaye sisebenza kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo eziza kuchaphazela ngayo le ndlela yokuntywila kunye nokucutshungulwa komatshini we-AFP. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba unyango luza kuba nefuthe na kwaye ukuba kufuneka naluphi na ucutshungulo emva kokusetyenziswa. Sikwafuna ukwazi ukuba ii-stacks ezahlukeneyo ziya kuchaphazela ukuntywila kwe-hydrogen ngesitya soxinzelelo.”
Itanki iza kwenziwa ngokupheleleyo nge-thermoplastic kwaye imicu iza kubonelelwa yiTeijin Carbon Europe GmbH (Wuppertal, eJamani). “Siza kusebenzisa izinto zabo zePPS [polyphenylene sulfide], PEEK [polyether ketone] kunye neLM PAEK [low melting polyaryl ketone],” utshilo uYager. “Emva koko kwenziwa uthelekiso ukuze kubonwe ukuba yeyiphi efanelekileyo ekukhuseleni ukungena nasekuveliseni iindawo ezisebenza ngcono.” Unethemba lokugqiba uvavanyo, uyilo kunye nemodeli yenkqubo kunye nemiboniso yokuqala kunyaka olandelayo.
Umsebenzi wophando wenziwe ngaphakathi kwemodyuli yeCOMET ethi “Polymers4Hydrogen” (ID 21647053) ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yeCOMET yoMphathiswa weFederal for Climate Change, the Environment, Energy, Mobility, Innovation and Technology kunye noMphathiswa weFederal for Digital Technology and Economics. . Ababhali bayabulela amaqabane athatha inxaxheba kwiPolymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH (PCCL, Austria), Montanuniversitaet Leoben (Faculty of Polymer Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry of Polymer Materials, Department of Materials Science and Polymer Testing), University of Tampere (Faculty of Engineering Materials). ) Science), Peak Technology kunye noFaurecia banegalelo kulo msebenzi wophando. I-COMET-Modul ixhaswa ngurhulumente wase-Austria kunye norhulumente welizwe laseStyria.
Amaphepha aqiniswe kwangaphambili ezakhiwo ezithwala umthwalo aqulathe imicu eqhubekayo - kungekuphela nje evela kwiglasi, kodwa nakwikhabhoni kunye ne-aramid.
Zininzi iindlela zokwenza iindawo ezidityanisiweyo. Ke ngoko, ukhetho lwendlela yenxalenye ethile luya kuxhomekeka kwizinto ezisetyenzisiweyo, uyilo lwenxalenye, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo okanye ukusetyenziswa kwayo. Nantsi isikhokelo sokukhetha.
I-Shocker Composites kunye ne-R&M International baphuhlisa uthotho lokubonelela ngefayibha yekhabhoni ephinda isetyenziswe ebonelela ngokungabikho kokubulawa, ixabiso eliphantsi kunefayibha eyi-virgin kwaye ekugqibeleni iya kubonelela ngobude obufana nefayibha eqhubekayo kwiimpawu zesakhiwo.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Matshi-15-2023