Ibigega bisanzwe bifite puratifomu irambuye bya BEV na FCEV bikoresha thermoplastic na thermoset composites bifite imiterere y'agace gatanga ububiko bwa H2 bwiyongeraho 25%. #hydrogen #trends
Nyuma y'uko ubufatanye na BMW bugaragaje ko ikigega cy'amazi cya cubic gishobora gutanga umusaruro mwinshi kurusha silindiri nto nyinshi, Kaminuza ya Tekiniki ya Munich yatangiye umushinga wo guteza imbere imiterere y'ibice bivanze n'uburyo bwo gukora ibintu bushobora kwaguka kugira ngo bikoreshwe mu buryo butandukanye. Ishusho yatanzwe na: TU Dresden (hejuru) ibumoso), Kaminuza ya Tekiniki ya Munich, Ishami ry'Ibice bya Karuboni (LCC)
Imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zikoresha lisansi (FCEVs) zikoresha hydrogen ya zero-emission (H2) zitanga ubundi buryo bwo kugera ku ntego zo kurengera ibidukikije. Imodoka itwara abagenzi ifite moteri ya H2 ishobora kuzuzwa mu minota 5-7 kandi ifite intera ya kilometero 500, ariko ubu irahenze cyane bitewe n'umusaruro muke. Uburyo bumwe bwo kugabanya ikiguzi ni ugukoresha urubuga rusanzwe rwa moderi za BEV na FCEV. Ibi ntibishoboka ubu kuko ibigega bya silindari byo mu bwoko bwa 4 bikoreshwa mu kubika gaze ya H2 (CGH2) kuri bar 700 muri FCEV ntibikwiriye ibice byo munsi y'umubiri byakozwe neza ku modoka zikoresha amashanyarazi. Ariko, imiyoboro y'umuvuduko mu buryo bw'imisego n'utubumbe ishobora kwinjira muri ubu buryo bwo gupakira.
Patenti US5577630A y’ “Ubwato Bufite Umuvuduko Uhuriweho n’Ibitutu”, ubusabe bwatanzwe na Thiokol Corp. mu 1995 (ibumoso) n’ubwato bufite umuvuduko w’urukiramende bufite patenti ya BMW mu 2009 (iburyo).
Ishami rishinzwe ikoreshwa rya karuboni (LCC) rya Kaminuza y’Ubumenyingiro ya Munich (TUM, Munich, mu Budage) rigira uruhare mu mishinga ibiri yo guteza imbere iki gitekerezo. Uwa mbere ni Polymers4Hydrogen (P4H), iyobowe n’Ikigo cya Leoben Polymer Competence Center (PCCL, Leoben, Otirishiya). Porogaramu y’akazi ya LCC iyobowe na Fellow Elizabeth Glace.
Umushinga wa kabiri ni Hydrogen Demonstration and Development Environment (HyDDen), aho LCC iyobowe n'Umushakashatsi Christian Jaeger. Yombi igamije kwerekana ku rwego runini inzira yo gukora ikigega cya CGH2 gikwiye hakoreshejwe fibre ya karubone.
Hari ubushobozi buke bwo gukoresha ingano iyo utubumbe duto tw’umurambararo dushyizwe mu turemangingo duto twa bateri (ibumoso) n’utwobo tw’umuvuduko wa cube type 2 dukozwe mu byuma bifunganye hamwe n’agasanduku k’inyuma ka fibre ya karuboni/epoxy (iburyo). Ifoto: Ishusho ya 3 na 6 ni iyavuye mu “Uburyo bwo Gushushanya Imibare ku Bwoto bwa Type II Pressure Box Vessel bufite Amaguru yo mu Muvuduko w’Imbere” yanditswe na Ruf na Zaremba et al.
P4H yakoze ikigega cy’igerageza cy’imashini ikoresha icyuma gikozwe muri thermoplastic gifite imigozi/imigozi ipfundikiye muri epoxy ishyigikiwe na fibre ya karuboni. HyDDen izakoresha igishushanyo mbonera nk’icyo, ariko izakoresha icyuma cyikora (AFP) mu gukora ibigega byose bya thermoplastic.
Kuva ku busabe bwa patenti bwakozwe na Thiokol Corp. kugeza kuri "Composite Conformal Pressure Vessel" mu 1995 kugeza kuri Patenti y'Abadage DE19749950C2 mu 1997, imiyoboro ya gaze ifunze "ishobora kugira imiterere iyo ari yo yose", ariko cyane cyane imiterere igororotse kandi idasobanutse, mu mwobo uhujwe n'inkunga y'igikonoshwa. Ibintu bikoreshwa kugira ngo bibashe kwihanganira imbaraga zo kwaguka kwa gaze.
Inyandiko ya Laboratwari y'Igihugu ya Lawrence Livermore (LLNL) yo mu 2006 ivuga uburyo butatu: umuyoboro w'umuvuduko uhuza ururenda n'umugozi, umuyoboro w'umuvuduko wa microlattice urimo imiterere y'imbere ya orthorhombic (uturemangingo duto twa cm 2 cyangwa munsi yatwo), ukikijwe n'agasanduku k'inkuta ka H2 gafite inkuta nto, n'agasanduku k'umuvuduko, kagizwe n'imiterere y'imbere igizwe n'ibice bito bifatanye (urugero: impeta za pulasitiki zifite impande esheshatu) n'uruhago rw'inyuma rworoheje. Udusanduku tw'umuvuduko dutandukanye ni two dukwiriye cyane ku dusanduku tunini aho uburyo gakondo bushobora kugorana gukoresha.
Patenti DE102009057170A yatanzwe na Volkswagen mu 2009 ivuga ku bwato bukoresha umuvuduko bushyirwa ku modoka butanga umusaruro mwinshi mu gihe bunoza ikoreshwa ry'umwanya. Ibigega bifite impande zibiri bikoresha imiyoboro y'umuvuduko hagati y'inkuta ebyiri z'urukiramende zirebana, kandi inguni zikaba zizengurutse.
Ibitekerezo byavuzwe haruguru n'ibindi byavuzwe na Gleiss mu nyandiko igira iti “Iterambere ry’Imiyoboro y’Ubushyuhe bwa Cubic hamwe n’Imigozi yo Kurekura” yanditswe na Gleiss et al. muri ECCM20 (26-30 Kamena 2022, Lausanne, Ubusuwisi). Muri iyi nkuru, avuga ku bushakashatsi bwa TUM bwashyizwe ahagaragara na Michael Roof na Sven Zaremba, bwagaragaje ko ubwato bw’ubushyuhe bwa cubic bufite imigozi yo gukurura buhuza impande z’urukiramende bufite ubushobozi bwo gukora neza kurusha uturindantoki twinshi duto dukwiranye n’umwanya wa bateri isanzwe, butanga hafi 25% by’umwanya wo kubika.
Nk’uko Gleiss abivuga, ikibazo cyo gushyiramo umubare munini wa silindiri nto zo mu bwoko bwa 4 mu gasanduku gasagutse ni uko "ingano iri hagati ya silindiri igabanuka cyane kandi sisitemu ifite ubuso bunini cyane bwa gaze ya H2. Muri rusange, sisitemu itanga ubushobozi buke bwo kubika ugereranyije n'amacupa ya cubic."
Ariko, hari ibindi bibazo ku miterere ya cubic ya tanki. Gleiss yagize ati: “Birumvikana ko kubera gaze ifunze, ugomba kurwanya imbaraga zigonga ku nkuta zigororotse. Kugira ngo ibi bigerweho, ukeneye inyubako ikomeye ihuza imbere n'inkuta z'itanki. Ariko ibyo biragoye kubihuza n'ibintu bivanze.”
Glace n'ikipe ye bagerageje gushyiramo imigozi yo gushimangira imbaraga mu muyoboro w'umuvuduko mu buryo bukwiriye uburyo bwo gufunga imigozi. Asobanura agira ati: “Ibi ni ingenzi ku musaruro mwinshi, kandi binadufasha gushushanya imiterere y’inkuta z’ibikoresho kugira ngo twongere icyerekezo cya fibre kuri buri mutwaro uri mu gace.”
Intambwe enye zo gukora ikigega cy’igerageza cya cubic composite mu mushinga wa P4H. Ishusho yatanzwe: “Iterambere ry’uburyo bwo gukora imiyoboro y’umuvuduko wa cubic ifite icyuma gikingira”, Kaminuza y’Ubuhanga ya Munich, Umushinga wa Polymers4Hydrogen, ECCM20, Kamena 2022.
Kugira ngo itsinda rigere ku mugozi umwe, ryashyizeho igitekerezo gishya kigizwe n'intambwe enye z'ingenzi, nk'uko bigaragara haruguru. Imigozi yo gukaza umuvuduko, igaragara mu ibara ry'umukara ku ntambwe, ni imiterere y'umugozi yakozwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwakuwe mu mushinga wa MAI Skelett. Muri uyu mushinga, BMW yakoze "umugozi" w'ikirahuri cy'imbere hakoreshejwe inkoni enye za pultrusion zishyigikiwe na fibre, hanyuma zigakorwamo umugozi wa pulasitiki.
Igishushanyo cy'ikigega cy'igerageza. Ibice by'amagufwa bifite impande esheshatu byacapwe na TUM hakoreshejwe filament ya PLA idakomejwe (hejuru), bishyiramo CF/PA6 pultrusion rods nk'ibice bifasha guhagarara (hagati) hanyuma bigapfunyika filament ku bikoresho bifasha guhagarara (hejuru). Ishusho yatanzwe na: Kaminuza y'Ubuhanga ya Munich LCC.
Glace yagize ati: “Igitekerezo ni uko ushobora kubaka urufatiro rw’ikigega cya cubic nk’inyubako ya modular. Izi modular zishyirwa mu gikoresho cyo gushushanya, imigozi yo gukaza umuvuduko igashyirwa mu migozi ya frame, hanyuma uburyo bwa MAI Skelett bugakoreshwa kuzenguruka imigozi kugira ngo ihuzwe n’ibice bya frame.” uburyo bwo gukora ibintu byinshi, bigatuma habaho imiterere ikoreshwa nk’ifatizo cyangwa igice cyo hagati cyo gupfunyika igishishwa cy’ikigega cyo kubikamo.
TUM yashushanyije imiterere y'ikigega nk'"umusego" w'ikigega ufite impande zikomeye, inguni zizengurutse n'igishushanyo mbonera cya hexagonal hejuru no hepfo aho imigozi ishobora gushyirwa no gushyirwa. Utwobo tw'ibi bigega natwo twacapwe mu buryo bwa 3D. Glace yagize ati: "Ku kigega cyacu cya mbere cy'igerageza, twacapye ibice bya hexagonal mu buryo bwa 3D dukoresheje aside polylactic [PLA, thermoplastic ishingiye kuri bio] kuko byari byoroshye kandi bihendutse."
Itsinda ryaguze inkoni 68 za pultruded carbon fiber polyamide 6 (PA6) zo gukoreshwa muri SGL Carbon (Meitingen, mu Budage) kugira ngo zikoreshwe nk'imigozi. Gleiss agira ati: “Kugira ngo tugerageze icyo gitekerezo, nta kintu na kimwe twakoze cyo gushushanya,” ariko twashyizemo gusa spacers mu gitereko cy’ibanze cy’ubuki cyacapwe mu buryo bwa 3D maze dushyiraho kole ya epoxy. Ibi bitanga mandrel yo kuzunguruka ikigega.” Avuga ko nubwo izi nkoni zoroshye kuzizunguruka, hari ibibazo bikomeye bizasobanurwa nyuma.
“Mu cyiciro cya mbere, intego yacu kwari ukugaragaza ubushobozi bwo gukora igishushanyo mbonera no kumenya ibibazo biri mu gitekerezo cyo gukora,” Gleiss yasobanuye. “Bityo uduce tw’imbaraga dusohoka inyuma y’imiterere y’amagufwa, hanyuma dufata imigozi ya karuboni kuri iyi ngingo y’imbere dukoresheje imigozi y’amazi. Nyuma y’ibyo, mu ntambwe ya gatatu, dufata umutwe wa buri nkoni y’icyuma gihambiraho, bityo dukoresha ubushyuhe kugira ngo twongere dushushanye umutwe ku buryo ugongana kandi ugafungana mu cyiciro cya mbere cyo gupfunyika. Hanyuma dukomeza gupfunyika igishushanyo mbonera kugira ngo umutwe ugororotse upfundikwe mu kigega.
Umupfundikizo wo mu mwanya ukoreshwa mu kuzunguruka. TUM ikoresha imipfundikizo ya pulasitiki ku mpera z'imigozi yo gukurura kugira ngo ikumire imigozi gufungana mu gihe cyo kuzunguruka imigozi. Ishusho yatanzwe na: Kaminuza y'Ubuhanga ya Munich LCC.
Glace yongeye gushimangira ko iki kigega cya mbere ari ikimenyetso cy’igitekerezo. “Gukoresha icapiro rya 3D na kole byari mu igerageza rya mbere gusa kandi byaduhaye igitekerezo cy’ibibazo bike twahuye nabyo. Urugero, mu gihe cyo gupfunyika, imigozi yafashwe n’impera z’imigozi yo gukurura, bituma fibre icika, fibre yangirika, kandi ikagabanya ingano ya fibre kugira ngo ibi bihagarare. Twakoresheje imigozi mike ya pulasitiki nk’ibikoresho byo mu nganda byashyirwaga ku nkingi mbere y’intambwe ya mbere yo gupfunyika. Hanyuma, ubwo imigozi y’imbere yakorwaga, twakuyeho imigozi yo kurinda hanyuma duhindura imiterere y’imigozi mbere yo gupfunyika burundu.”
Itsinda ryagerageje ibintu bitandukanye byo gusana. Grace agira ati: “Abareba hirya no hino bakora neza cyane. Nanone, mu gihe cyo gukora ibishushanyo, twakoresheje igikoresho cyo gusudira cyahinduwe kugira ngo dushyireho ubushyuhe kandi twongere duhindure impera z’inkoni. Mu gitekerezo cyo gukora ibintu byinshi, wagira igikoresho kimwe kinini gishobora gushushanya no gukora impera zose z’inkoni mu buryo bwa laminate y’imbere icyarimwe.”
Imitwe ya Drawbar yavuguruwe. TUM yagerageje ibitekerezo bitandukanye inahindura imiyoboro kugira ngo ihuze impera z'imigozi ivanze kugira ngo ifatanye na laminate yo ku rukuta rw'ikigega. Ishusho yatanzwe: “Iterambere ry'uburyo bwo gukora imiyoboro y'umuvuduko wa cube ifite brace”, Kaminuza y'Ubuhanga ya Munich, umushinga wa Polymers4Hydrogen, ECCM20, Kamena 2022.
Bityo, laminate iravurwa nyuma y'intambwe ya mbere yo kuzunguruka, inkingi zigahindurwa, TUM irangiza kuzunguruka kwa kabiri kw'imigozi, hanyuma laminate yo ku rukuta rw'inyuma iravurwa ku nshuro ya kabiri. Menya ko iyi ari imiterere y'ikigega cya 5, bivuze ko idafite umugozi wa pulasitiki nk'uruzitiro rwa gaze. Reba ikiganiro mu gice cy'Intambwe zikurikira hepfo.
Glace yagize ati: “Twaciyemo ibice bitandukanye, dushushanya agace gahujwe. Incamake igaragaza ko twagize ibibazo bimwe na bimwe kuri laminate, aho imitwe y’imigozi itagaragaraga neza kuri laminate y’imbere.”
Gukemura ibibazo by'icyuho kiri hagati ya laminate y'inkuta z'imbere n'inyuma z'ikigega. Umutwe w'inkoni yahinduwe utuma ikigega gihinduka hagati y'izunguruka rya mbere n'irya kabiri ry'ikigega cy'igerageza. Ishusho yatanzwe na: Kaminuza y'Ubuhanga ya Munich LCC.
Iki kigega cya mbere cya 450 x 290 x 80mm cyarangiye mu mpeshyi ishize. Glace yagize ati: “Kuva icyo gihe twateye imbere cyane, ariko turacyafite icyuho hagati ya laminate yo imbere n’iy’inyuma.” Rero twagerageje kuzuza ibyo cyuho dukoresheje resin isukuye kandi ifite ubushyuhe bwinshi. Ibi mu by’ukuri binoza isano iri hagati y’imigozi na laminate, ibyo byongera cyane imbaraga za mekanike.”
Itsinda ryakomeje gutegura igishushanyo mbonera n'uburyo ikigega gikoreshwa, harimo n'ibisubizo by'imiterere y'izunguruka ryifuzwaga. Glace yasobanuye ati: “Impande z'ikigega cyo gupima ntizari zigoranye kuko byari bigoye kuri ubu buryo bwo gukora inzira izunguruka.” “Inguni yacu ya mbere yo kuzunguruka yari 75°, ariko twari tuzi ko hakenewe imiyoboro myinshi kugira ngo harebwe umutwaro uri muri iki gikoresho cy'umuvuduko. Turacyashaka igisubizo cy'iki kibazo, ariko ntibyoroshye kubera ko porogaramu iri ku isoko ubu. Ishobora kuba umushinga wo gukurikirana.
Gleiss agira ati: “Twerekanye ko iki gitekerezo cyo gukora gishoboka, ariko tugomba gukora cyane kugira ngo tunoze isano iri hagati ya laminate no kuvugurura imigozi yo gufata. “Gupima hanze hakoreshejwe imashini ipima. Ukuramo imiyoboro itandukanya laminate hanyuma ukagerageza imitwaro y’imashini izo ngingo zishobora kwihanganira.”
Iki gice cy'umushinga wa Polymers4Hydrogen kizarangira mu mpera za 2023, icyo gihe Gleis yizeye kurangiza ikigega cya kabiri cy'icyitegererezo. Igishimishije ni uko igishushanyo mbonera muri iki gihe gikoresha thermoplastics nziza mu gitereko n'ibice bya thermoset mu nkuta z'ikigega. Ese ubu buryo bwo guhuza buzakoreshwa mu kigega cya nyuma cy'icyitegererezo? “Yego,” Grace yagize ati. “Abafatanyabikorwa bacu mu mushinga wa Polymers4Hydrogen barimo gukora epoxy resins n'ibindi bikoresho bya matrix bivanze bifite imiterere myiza y'ibice bya hydrogen.” Avuga ku bafatanyabikorwa babiri bakora kuri uyu murimo, PCCL na Kaminuza ya Tampere (Tampere, Finlande).
Gleiss n'ikipe ye banaganiriye ku bitekerezo na Jaeger ku mushinga wa kabiri wa HyDDen uva mu kigega cya LCC conformal composite.
Jaeger agira ati: “Tuzakora ubwato bukoresha ingufu zidasanzwe (conformal composite pressure vessel) bukoreshwa mu bushakashatsi ku ndege zitagira abapilote. Ubu ni ubufatanye hagati y’amashami abiri y’ishami rishinzwe iby’ikirere n’ubumenyi bw’ikirere rya TUM – LCC n’ishami rishinzwe ikoranabuhanga rya kajugujugu (HT). Uyu mushinga uzarangira mu mpera za 2024 kandi ubu turimo kurangiza ubwato bukoresha ingufu zidasanzwe. Igishushanyo mbonera cy’ubwato bukoresha ingufu zidasanzwe mu kirere no mu modoka. Nyuma y’iki cyiciro cya mbere cy’igitekerezo, intambwe ikurikiraho ni ugukora icyitegererezo cy’imiterere no guhanura imikorere y’inkuta.”
Yakomeje agira ati: “Igitekerezo cyose ni ugukora indege itagira abapilote ikora ubushakashatsi ifite selile y’ibikomoka kuri peteroli ivanze hamwe na sisitemu yo gutwara batiri.” Izakoresha batiri mu gihe cy’imbaraga nyinshi (ni ukuvuga guhaguruka no kugwa) hanyuma ihindukire ikoreshe selile y’ibikomoka kuri peteroli mu gihe cy’urugendo rworoheje. “Itsinda rya HT ryari risanzwe rifite indege itagira abapilote ikora ubushakashatsi kandi ryavuguruye indege ikoresha batiri n’iselile z’ibikomoka kuri peteroli,” Yeager yagize ati. “Banaguze ikigega cya CGH2 kugira ngo bagerageze iyi transmission.”
“Itsinda ryanjye ryari rishinzwe gukora prototype y’ikigega cy’umuvuduko cyakwinjira, ariko ntabwo ari ukubera ibibazo byo gupfunyika byaterwaga n’ikigega cy’umuzenguruko,” asobanura. “Ikigega cy’umuzenguruko ntabwo gitanga ubudahangarwa bungana n’ubw’umuyaga. Bityo urushaho gukora neza mu kirere.” Ingano ya kigega ni 830 x 350 x 173 mm.
Ikigega cyuzuye cya AFP gikurikiza thermoplastic. Ku mushinga wa HyDDen, itsinda rya LCC muri TUM ryabanje gusuzuma uburyo busa n'ubwakoreshejwe na Glace (hejuru), ariko nyuma rigana ku buryo bukoresha uruvange rw'imiterere myinshi, hanyuma bikoreshwa cyane hakoreshejwe AFP (hejuru). Ishusho yatanzwe na: Kaminuza y'Ubuhanga ya Munich LCC.
Yager agira ati: “Igitekerezo kimwe gisa n’uburyo bwa Elisabeth [Gleiss] bwo gushyira imigozi ku rukuta rw’ubwato kugira ngo bibe bihuye n’imbaraga nyinshi zihindagurika. Ariko, aho gukoresha uburyo bwo kuzunguruka kugira ngo dukore ikigega, dukoresha AFP. Kubwibyo, twatekereje kurema igice gitandukanye cy’ubwato bushyuha, aho imigozi iba yamaze guhuzwa. Ubu buryo bwatumye nshobora guhuza byinshi muri ibi bice by’ubwato hanyuma ngashyiraho umupfundikizo wo gufunga byose mbere yo kuzunguruka kwa nyuma kwa AFP.”
Yakomeje agira ati: “Turimo kugerageza kurangiza igitekerezo nk’iki, ndetse tunatangira no kugerageza uburyo ibikoresho bitoranywamo, ibyo bikaba ari ingenzi cyane kugira ngo habeho ubudahangarwa bukenewe ku kwinjira kwa gaze ya H2. Kuri ibi, dukoresha cyane cyane ibikoresho bya thermoplastic kandi turimo gukora ku buryo butandukanye ibikoresho bigira ingaruka kuri iyi myitwarire yo kwinjira no gutunganya muri mashini ya AFP. Ni ngombwa gusobanukirwa niba uburyo bwo kuvura buzagira ingaruka kandi niba hari icyo ari cyo cyose nyuma yo gutunganya. Turashaka kandi kumenya niba uduce dutandukanye tuzagira ingaruka ku kwinjira kwa hydrogen mu muyoboro w’umuvuduko.”
Ikigega kizaba gikozwe muri thermoplastic gusa, kandi uduce tuzatangwa na Teijin Carbon Europe GmbH (Wuppertal, Ubudage). Yager yagize ati: “Tuzakoresha ibikoresho byabo bya PPS [polyphenylene sulfide], PEEK [polyether ketone] na LM PAEK [low melting polyaryl ketone]. Hanyuma hakorwa igereranya kugira ngo harebwe ikiruta ibindi mu kurinda kwinjira no gukora ibice bifite imikorere myiza.” Yizeye kurangiza igerageza, imiterere n'uburyo bwo gukora ibishushanyo mbonera no kwerekana bwa mbere mu mwaka utaha.
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu gice cya COMET cyitwa “Polymers4Hydrogen” (ID 21647053) muri gahunda ya COMET ya Minisiteri y’Igihugu ishinzwe Imihindagurikire y’Ikirere, Ibidukikije, Ingufu, Ingendo, Udushya n’Ikoranabuhanga na Minisiteri y’Igihugu ishinzwe Ikoranabuhanga n’Ubukungu mu by’Ikoranabuhanga. Abanditsi barashimira abafatanyabikorwa bitabiriye Ikigo cy’Ubushobozi cya Polymer Leoben GmbH (PCCL, Otirishiya), Montanuniversitaet Leoben (Ishami ry’Ubwubatsi bwa Polymer n’Ubumenyi, Ishami ry’Ubutabire bw’Ibikoresho bya Polymer, Ishami ry’Ubwubatsi bw’Ibikoresho n’Isuzuma rya Polymer), Kaminuza ya Tampere (Ishami ry’Ibikoresho by’Ubwubatsi). Siyansi), Peak Technology na Faurecia bagize uruhare muri ubu bushakashatsi. COMET-Modul iterwa inkunga na guverinoma ya Otirishiya na guverinoma ya leta ya Styria.
Impapuro zometseho ibikoresho bitwara imizigo zirimo imigozi ikomeza - atari iy'ibirahure gusa, ahubwo inakomoka kuri karuboni na aramide.
Hari uburyo bwinshi bwo gukora ibice bivanze. Kubwibyo, guhitamo uburyo bw'igice runaka bizaterwa n'ibikoresho, imiterere y'igice, n'ikoreshwa rya nyuma cyangwa ikoreshwa. Dore ubuyobozi bwo guhitamo.
Shocker Composites na R&M International barimo gukora uruhererekane rw’ibikoresho byo gusana fibre ya karubone bishobora kongera gukoreshwa, kandi bikaba bihendutse kurusha fibre ya virgin, kandi amaherezo bizatanga uburebure bungana na fibre ihoraho mu miterere y’inyubako.
Igihe cyo kohereza ubutumwa: Werurwe-15-2023