Tankunan da aka yi amfani da su a matsayin faifan dandamali na yau da kullun don BEVs da FCEVs suna amfani da haɗakar thermoplastic da thermoset tare da tsarin kwarangwal wanda ke samar da ƙarin ajiya na H2 na 25%. #hydrogen #trends
Bayan haɗin gwiwa da BMW ya nuna cewa tankin cubic zai iya samar da ingantaccen aiki fiye da ƙananan silinda da yawa, Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich ta fara wani aiki don haɓaka tsarin haɗaka da tsarin kera mai sassauƙa don samar da kayayyaki. Hoton hoto: TU Dresden (sama) hagu), Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich, Sashen Haɗaɗɗen Carbon (LCC)
Motocin lantarki na sel mai amfani da man fetur (FCEVs) waɗanda hydrogen ɗinsu ba ya fitar da hayaki (H2) suna ba da ƙarin hanyoyi don cimma burin muhalli sifili. Motar fasinja mai injin H2 za a iya cika ta cikin mintuna 5-7 kuma tana da nisan kilomita 500, amma a halin yanzu ta fi tsada saboda ƙarancin yawan samarwa. Hanya ɗaya ta rage farashi ita ce amfani da dandamali na yau da kullun don samfuran BEV da FCEV. Wannan a halin yanzu ba zai yiwu ba saboda tankunan silinda na Type 4 da ake amfani da su don adana iskar gas ta H2 mai matsewa (CGH2) a mashaya 700 a cikin FCEVs ba su dace da ɗakunan batirin ƙarƙashin jiki waɗanda aka tsara su da kyau don motocin lantarki. Duk da haka, tasoshin matsin lamba a cikin nau'in matashin kai da cubes na iya shiga cikin wannan sararin marufi mai faɗi.
Takardar izinin mallaka ta US5577630A don "Jirgin Matsi Mai Daidaita Daidai", aikace-aikacen da Kamfanin Thiokol ya shigar a shekarar 1995 (hagu) da kuma jirgin matsi mai kusurwa huɗu da BMW ya yi lasisi a shekarar 2009 (dama).
Sashen Haɗakar Carbon (LCC) na Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich (TUM, Munich, Jamus) yana da hannu a cikin ayyuka biyu don haɓaka wannan ra'ayi. Na farko shine Polymers4Hydrogen (P4H), wanda Cibiyar Ƙwarewar Leoben Polymer (PCCL, Leoben, Austria) ke jagoranta. Kunshin aikin LCC yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin Fellow Elizabeth Glace.
Aikin na biyu shine Muhalli na Nunin Hydrogen da Ci Gaba (HyDDen), inda Mai Bincike Christian Jaeger ke jagorantar LCC. Dukansu suna da nufin ƙirƙirar babban nuni na tsarin ƙera don yin tankin CGH2 mai dacewa ta amfani da haɗakar fiber na carbon.
Akwai ƙarancin ingancin girma idan aka sanya ƙananan silinda masu diamita a cikin ƙwayoyin batirin lebur (hagu) da tasoshin matsin lamba na nau'in cubic 2 da aka yi da layukan ƙarfe da kuma harsashi na waje na carbon fiber/epoxy (dama). Tushen Hoto: Hotuna na 3 da 6 sun fito ne daga "Hanyar Zane-zanen Lambobi don Jirgin Akwatin Matsi na Nau'i na II tare da Ƙafafun Tashin Ciki" na Ruf da Zaremba et al.
P4H ta ƙera tankin gwaji mai siffar kube wanda ke amfani da firam ɗin thermoplastic tare da madauri/maƙallan matsin lamba na haɗin gwiwa da aka naɗe da epoxy mai ƙarfafa carbon fiber. HyDDen zai yi amfani da irin wannan ƙira, amma zai yi amfani da tsarin fiber na atomatik (AFP) don ƙera dukkan tankunan thermoplastic composite.
Daga aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka na Thiokol Corp. zuwa "Tashar Matsi Mai Daidaita Daidaita Haɗaka" a 1995 zuwa Takardar Shaidar Jamusanci DE19749950C2 a 1997, ana amfani da tasoshin iskar gas da aka matse "na iya samun kowane tsari na geometric", amma musamman siffofi masu faɗi da marasa tsari, a cikin rami da aka haɗa da tallafin harsashi. Ana amfani da abubuwan da ke cikin iskar gas don su iya jure ƙarfin faɗaɗawa.
Wani takarda da aka buga a shekarar 2006 a dakin gwaje-gwaje na kasa na Lawrence Livermore (LLNL) ya bayyana hanyoyi uku: jirgin ruwa mai matsewa na filament wrinkles, jirgin ruwa mai matsewa na microlattice wanda ke dauke da tsarin lattice na ciki (ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta na 2 cm ko ƙasa da haka), kewaye da akwati mai sirara na H2, da kuma akwati mai kwafi, wanda ya ƙunshi tsarin ciki wanda ya ƙunshi ƙananan sassa masu manne (misali, zoben filastik mai siffar hexagonal) da kuma siraran fatar fata mai sirara. Kwantena masu kwafi sun fi dacewa da manyan kwantena inda hanyoyin gargajiya na iya zama da wahalar amfani.
Takardar izinin mallaka ta DE102009057170A da Volkswagen ta shigar a shekarar 2009 ta bayyana wani jirgin ruwa mai matsi da aka ɗora a kan abin hawa wanda zai samar da ingantaccen nauyi yayin da yake inganta amfani da sararin samaniya. Tankunan murabba'i suna amfani da mahaɗin tashin hankali tsakanin bango biyu masu kusurwa huɗu, kuma kusurwoyin suna zagaye.
Gleiss ya ambaci waɗannan ra'ayoyi da sauran a cikin takarda mai taken "Ci gaban Tsarin Tasoshin Matsi na Cubic tare da Sandunan Miƙewa" ta Gleiss et al. a ECCM20 (26-30 ga Yuni, 2022, Lausanne, Switzerland). A cikin wannan labarin, ta ambaci wani bincike na TUM da Michael Roof da Sven Zaremba suka buga, wanda ya gano cewa jirgin ruwa mai matsi mai siffar cubic tare da madaurin tashin hankali wanda ke haɗa gefuna masu kusurwa huɗu ya fi inganci fiye da ƙananan silinda da yawa waɗanda suka dace da sararin batirin da ba shi da faɗi, yana samar da kusan kashi 25% na sararin ajiya.
A cewar Gleiss, matsalar shigar da adadi mai yawa na ƙananan silinda na nau'in 4 a cikin akwati mai faɗi ita ce "ƙarfin da ke tsakanin silinda ya ragu sosai kuma tsarin yana da babban saman iskar gas na H2. Gabaɗaya, tsarin yana ba da ƙarancin ƙarfin ajiya fiye da kwalba mai siffar cubic."
Duk da haka, akwai wasu matsaloli game da ƙirar tankin mai siffar cubic. "Babu shakka, saboda iskar gas da aka matse, kuna buƙatar magance ƙarfin lanƙwasawa akan bangon lebur," in ji Gleiss. "Domin wannan, kuna buƙatar tsari mai ƙarfi wanda ke haɗuwa a ciki da bangon tankin. Amma hakan yana da wuya a yi amfani da haɗakarwa."
Glace da tawagarta sun yi ƙoƙarin haɗa sandunan ƙarfafawa a cikin bututun matsi ta yadda zai dace da tsarin naɗa filament. Ta bayyana cewa, "Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga samar da kayayyaki masu yawa," kuma tana ba mu damar tsara tsarin naɗawa na bangon kwantena don inganta yanayin zare ga kowane kaya a yankin."
Matakai huɗu don yin tankin gwaji mai siffar cubic composite don aikin P4H. Hoton da aka ɗauka: "Haɓaka tsarin samarwa don tasoshin matsin lamba mai siffar cubic tare da brace", Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich, aikin Polymers4Hydrogen, ECCM20, Yuni 2022.
Domin cimma nasara a kan sarka, ƙungiyar ta ƙirƙiro wani sabon tsari wanda ya ƙunshi manyan matakai guda huɗu, kamar yadda aka nuna a sama. Matakan matsin lamba, waɗanda aka nuna da baƙi a kan matakan, tsarin firam ne da aka riga aka ƙera ta amfani da hanyoyin da aka ɗauka daga aikin MAI Skelett. Don wannan aikin, BMW ta ƙirƙiro "tsarin" firam ɗin gilashin gaba ta amfani da sandunan pultrusion guda huɗu da aka ƙarfafa da fiber, waɗanda aka ƙera su zuwa firam ɗin filastik.
Tsarin tankin gwaji mai siffar cubic. Sassan kwarangwal masu siffar hexagon 3D da TUM ta buga ta amfani da filament ɗin PLA mara ƙarfi (sama), tana saka sandunan CF/PA6 masu ƙarfi a matsayin takalmin ƙarfafawa (tsakiya) sannan ta naɗe filament ɗin a kusa da takalmin ƙarfafawa (ƙasa). Hoton da aka ɗauka: Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich LCC.
"Manufar ita ce za ku iya gina firam ɗin tanki mai siffar cubic a matsayin tsarin modular," in ji Glace. "Sannan ana sanya waɗannan kayayyaki a cikin kayan aikin ƙira, ana sanya struts ɗin tashin hankali a cikin firam ɗin, sannan ana amfani da hanyar MAI Skelett a kusa da struts don haɗa su da sassan firam ɗin." Hanyar samar da taro, wanda ke haifar da tsari wanda daga baya ake amfani da shi azaman mandrel ko core don naɗe harsashin haɗa tankin ajiya.
TUM ta tsara tsarin tankin a matsayin "matashi" mai siffar murabba'i mai siffar murabba'i tare da gefuna masu ƙarfi, kusurwoyi masu zagaye da kuma tsarin murabba'i mai siffar murabba'i a sama da ƙasa wanda za a iya saka madauri da haɗa su. An kuma buga ramukan waɗannan rakkunan ta hanyar 3D. "Don tankin gwajinmu na farko, mun buga sassan firam mai siffar murabba'i mai siffar murabba'i ta amfani da polylactic acid [PLA, wani thermoplastic mai tushen bio] saboda yana da sauƙi kuma mai arha," in ji Glace.
Ƙungiyar ta sayi sandunan polyamide 6 (PA6) guda 68 da aka ƙarfafa daga SGL Carbon (Meitingen, Jamus) don amfani da su a matsayin ɗaure. "Don gwada ra'ayin, ba mu yi wani gyare-gyare ba," in ji Gleiss, "amma kawai mun saka spacers a cikin firam ɗin zuma mai siffar 3D kuma muka manne su da manne epoxy. Wannan yana ba da mandrel don murɗa tankin." Ta lura cewa kodayake waɗannan sandunan suna da sauƙin iska, akwai wasu manyan matsaloli da za a bayyana daga baya.
"A mataki na farko, burinmu shine mu nuna yadda ake kera ƙirar da kuma gano matsaloli a cikin manufar samarwa," in ji Gleiss. "Don haka struts ɗin tashin hankali suna fitowa daga saman waje na tsarin kwarangwal, kuma muna haɗa zaruruwan carbon zuwa wannan tsakiya ta amfani da naɗewar filament mai laushi. Bayan haka, a mataki na uku, muna lanƙwasa kan kowace sandar ɗaurewa. thermoplastic, don haka kawai muna amfani da zafi don sake fasalin kan don ya lanƙwasa ya kulle a cikin layin farko na naɗewa. Sannan mu ci gaba da naɗe tsarin don kan lebur ɗin ya kasance a cikin tanki. laminate a bango.
Murfin sarari don naɗewa. TUM yana amfani da murfin filastik a ƙarshen sandunan matsin lamba don hana zare daga yin lanƙwasa yayin naɗewa da filament. Hoton hoto: Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich LCC.
Glace ya sake nanata cewa wannan tanki na farko shaida ce ta ra'ayi. "Amfani da bugu na 3D da manne kawai don gwaji na farko ne kuma ya ba mu ra'ayin wasu daga cikin matsalolin da muka fuskanta. Misali, yayin naɗewa, an kama zare a ƙarshen sandunan tashin hankali, wanda ya haifar da karyewar zare, lalacewar zare, da kuma rage adadin zare don magance wannan. Mun yi amfani da wasu murfi na filastik a matsayin kayan aikin ƙera waɗanda aka sanya a kan sandunan kafin matakin naɗewa na farko. Sannan, lokacin da aka yi laminates na ciki, mun cire waɗannan murfi masu kariya kuma muka sake fasalin ƙarshen sandunan kafin naɗewa na ƙarshe."
Ƙungiyar ta gwada yanayi daban-daban na sake ginawa. Grace ta ce, "Waɗanda ke duba kewaye suna aiki mafi kyau." "Haka kuma, a lokacin gwajin samfur, mun yi amfani da kayan aikin walda da aka gyara don amfani da zafi da sake fasalin ƙarshen sandar ɗaure. A cikin ra'ayin samar da taro, za ku sami babban kayan aiki guda ɗaya wanda zai iya siffantawa da kuma samar da duk ƙarshen struts zuwa laminate na ciki a lokaci guda. . ."
An sake fasalin kawunan zane. TUM ta yi gwaji da ra'ayoyi daban-daban kuma ta gyara walda don daidaita ƙarshen haɗin haɗin don haɗawa da laminate na bangon tanki. Hoton hoto: "Ci gaban tsarin samarwa don tasoshin matsin lamba na cubic tare da brace", Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich, aikin Polymers4Hydrogen, ECCM20, Yuni 2022.
Saboda haka, ana warkar da laminate bayan matakin farko na lanƙwasa, ana sake fasalin sandunan, TUM ya kammala lanƙwasa na biyu na zare, sannan a sake warkar da laminate na bangon tanki na waje a karo na biyu. Lura cewa wannan ƙirar tanki ce ta nau'in 5, wanda ke nufin ba shi da layin filastik a matsayin shingen iskar gas. Duba tattaunawar a cikin sashin Matakai na Gaba a ƙasa.
"Mun yanke gwajin farko zuwa sassa daban-daban kuma muka zana taswirar yankin da aka haɗa," in ji Glace. "Wani bincike na kusa ya nuna cewa muna da wasu matsaloli masu inganci game da laminate, tare da kan strut ɗin da ba su kwanta a kan laminate na ciki ba."
Magance matsaloli da gibin da ke tsakanin laminate na bangon ciki da na waje na tankin. Kan sandar ɗaure da aka gyara yana haifar da gibi tsakanin juyawa na farko da na biyu na tankin gwaji. Hoton da aka ɗauka: Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich LCC.
An kammala wannan tankin farko mai girman 450 x 290 x 80mm a lokacin bazara da ya gabata. "Mun sami ci gaba sosai tun daga lokacin, amma har yanzu muna da gibi tsakanin laminate na ciki da na waje," in ji Glace. "Don haka mun yi ƙoƙarin cike waɗannan gibin da resin mai tsabta da ɗanko mai yawa. Wannan a zahiri yana inganta alaƙar da ke tsakanin sandunan da laminate, wanda hakan ke ƙara yawan damuwa a fannin injiniya."
Ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da haɓaka ƙira da tsarin tankin, gami da mafita ga tsarin naɗewa da ake so. "Ba a lanƙwasa gefunan tankin gwaji gaba ɗaya ba saboda yana da wuya wannan yanayin ya ƙirƙiri hanyar lanƙwasa," in ji Glace. "Kusurwar lanƙwasa ta farko ita ce 75°, amma mun san cewa ana buƙatar da'irori da yawa don biyan nauyin da ke cikin wannan jirgin ruwa mai matsin lamba. Har yanzu muna neman mafita ga wannan matsala, amma ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba tare da software ɗin da ke kasuwa a yanzu. Yana iya zama aikin bibiya.
"Mun nuna yiwuwar wannan ra'ayin samarwa," in ji Gleiss, "amma muna buƙatar ƙara yin aiki don inganta alaƙar da ke tsakanin laminate da sake fasalin sandunan ɗaure. "Gwajin waje akan injin gwaji. Kuna cire masu spacers daga laminate kuma kuna gwada nauyin injin da waɗannan haɗin gwiwar za su iya jurewa."
Za a kammala wannan ɓangaren aikin Polymers4Hydrogen a ƙarshen 2023, wanda a lokacin ne Gleis ke fatan kammala tankin gwaji na biyu. Abin sha'awa, ƙira a yau suna amfani da thermoplastics masu tsabta a cikin firam da haɗin thermoset a cikin bangon tanki. Shin za a yi amfani da wannan hanyar haɗin gwiwa a cikin tankin gwaji na ƙarshe? "Ee," in ji Grace. "Abokan hulɗarmu a cikin aikin Polymers4Hydrogen suna haɓaka resin epoxy da sauran kayan haɗin matrix tare da ingantattun kaddarorin shingen hydrogen." Ta lissafa abokan hulɗa biyu da ke aiki a kan wannan aikin, PCCL da Jami'ar Tampere (Tampere, Finland).
Gleiss da tawagarta sun kuma yi musayar bayanai tare da tattauna ra'ayoyi da Jaeger kan aikin HyDDen na biyu daga tankin LCC conformal composite.
"Za mu samar da wani jirgin ruwa mai matsi mai tsari don jiragen sama marasa matuki na bincike," in ji Jaeger. "Wannan haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin sassan biyu na Sashen Jiragen Sama da Ƙasashen Duniya na TUM - LCC da Sashen Fasaha na Helikwafta (HT). Za a kammala aikin nan da ƙarshen 2024 kuma a halin yanzu muna kammala aikin. ƙira wanda ya fi dacewa da tsarin sararin samaniya da na mota. Bayan wannan matakin farko na ra'ayi, mataki na gaba shine yin cikakken ƙirar tsari da kuma annabta aikin shingen ginin bango."
"Duk manufar ita ce a samar da jirgin sama mara matuki mai bincike tare da tsarin samar da mai na hade da kuma tsarin tura batir," in ji shi. Zai yi amfani da batirin yayin da ake amfani da wutar lantarki mai yawa (misali tashi da sauka) sannan ya koma zuwa na'urar samar da mai yayin da ake amfani da na'urar rage nauyi. "Tawagar HT ta riga ta sami jirgin sama mara matuki mai bincike kuma ta sake fasalin na'urar samar da wutar lantarki don amfani da batura da kuma na'urorin samar da mai," in ji Yeager. "Sun kuma sayi tankin CGH2 don gwada wannan na'urar."
"An ba wa ƙungiyata aikin gina samfurin tankin matsi wanda zai dace, amma ba saboda matsalolin marufi da tankin silinda zai haifar ba," in ji shi. "Tankin da ke da faɗi ba ya bayar da juriyar iska kamar yadda yake. Don haka kuna samun ingantaccen aikin tashi." Girman tankin ya kai kimanin 830 x 350 x 173 mm.
Tankin da ya dace da tsarin AFP mai cikakken zafi. Don aikin HyDDen, ƙungiyar LCC a TUM da farko ta binciki irin wannan hanyar da Glace ke amfani da ita (a sama), amma daga baya ta koma ga hanyar ta amfani da haɗin wasu na'urori na tsarin, waɗanda daga baya aka yi amfani da su fiye da kima ta amfani da AFP (a ƙasa). Hoton da aka ɗauka: Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich LCC.
"Wata shawara tana kama da hanyar Elisabeth [Gleiss]," in ji Yager, "don sanya takalmin ƙarfafawa a bangon jirgin ruwa don rama ƙarfin lanƙwasa mai yawa. Duk da haka, maimakon amfani da tsarin lanƙwasa don yin tankin, muna amfani da AFP. Saboda haka, mun yi tunanin ƙirƙirar wani ɓangare daban na jirgin ruwa mai matsin lamba, wanda aka riga aka haɗa rak ɗin. Wannan hanyar ta ba ni damar haɗa da dama daga cikin waɗannan na'urori masu haɗawa sannan in shafa murfin ƙarshe don rufe komai kafin naɗa AFP na ƙarshe."
"Muna ƙoƙarin kammala irin wannan ra'ayi," ya ci gaba, "kuma muna fara gwada zaɓin kayan aiki, wanda yake da matuƙar muhimmanci don tabbatar da juriyar shigar iskar gas ta H2. Don wannan, galibi muna amfani da kayan thermoplastic kuma muna aiki kan hanyoyi daban-daban na yadda kayan zai shafi wannan ɗabi'ar shiga da sarrafawa a cikin injin AFP. Yana da mahimmanci a fahimci ko maganin zai yi tasiri da kuma ko ana buƙatar wani aiki bayan an gama aiki. Hakanan muna son sanin ko tarin hydrogen daban-daban zai shafi shiga ta cikin jirgin ruwa mai matsin lamba."
Za a yi tankin ne gaba ɗaya da thermoplastic kuma Teijin Carbon Europe GmbH (Wuppertal, Jamus) za ta samar da tsiri-tsinkayen. "Za mu yi amfani da kayan PPS [polyphenylene sulfide], PEEK [polyether ketone] da LM PAEK [polyaryl ketone mai narkewa ƙasa]," in ji Yager. "Sannan ana yin kwatancen don ganin wanne ya fi dacewa don kariyar shiga da samar da sassan da ke da ingantaccen aiki." Yana fatan kammala gwaji, ƙirar tsari da tsari da kuma nuna farko a cikin shekara mai zuwa.
An gudanar da aikin binciken ne a cikin sashin COMET mai suna "Polymers4Hydrogen" (ID 21647053) a cikin shirin COMET na Ma'aikatar Canjin Yanayi ta Tarayya, Muhalli, Makamashi, Motsi, Kirkire-kirkire da Fasaha da Ma'aikatar Fasaha ta Dijital da Tattalin Arziki ta Tarayya. Marubutan sun gode wa abokan hulɗa da suka shiga Cibiyar Ƙwarewar Polymer Leoben GmbH (PCCL, Austria), Montanuniversitaet Leoben (Ma'aikatar Injiniya da Kimiyya ta Polymer, Sashen Sinadarin Sinadarin Polymer, Sashen Kimiyyar Kayan Polymer, Sashen Kimiyyar Kayan Polymer da Gwajin Polymer), Jami'ar Tampere (Ma'aikatar Kayan Injiniya). ) Kimiyya), Peak Technology da Faurecia sun ba da gudummawa ga wannan aikin bincike. Gwamnatin Austria da gwamnatin jihar Styria ne ke daukar nauyin COMET-Modul.
Takardun da aka riga aka ƙarfafa don tsarin ɗaukar kaya suna ɗauke da zare masu ci gaba - ba kawai daga gilashi ba, har ma daga carbon da aramid.
Akwai hanyoyi da yawa na yin sassan da aka haɗa. Saboda haka, zaɓin hanyar da za a bi don wani ɓangare na musamman zai dogara ne akan kayan, ƙirar ɓangaren, da kuma amfani ko aikace-aikacen ƙarshe. Ga jagorar zaɓi.
Shocker Composites da R&M International suna haɓaka tsarin samar da fiber carbon wanda aka sake yin amfani da shi wanda ba ya kashewa, mai rahusa fiye da zaren virgin kuma daga ƙarshe zai samar da tsayin da ya dace da zaren da ke ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin tsarin.
Lokacin Saƙo: Maris-15-2023