Ko ngā tāke papa-papatahi paerewa mō ngā BEV me ngā FCEV e whakamahi ana i ngā rauemi kirihou wera me ngā rauemi whakamahana me te hanganga anga e whakarato ana i te 25% te nui ake o te rokiroki H2. #hauwai #auaha
Whai muri i te mahi tahi me BMW i whakaatu ai ka taea e te tāke pūtoru te whakaputa i te pai o te rōrahi i ngā rango iti maha, ka tīmata te Whare Wānanga Hangarau o Munich i tētahi kaupapa hei whakawhanake i tētahi hanganga hiato me tētahi tukanga hanga tauine mō te hanga raupapa. Whiwhinga whakaahua: TU Dresden (runga) maui), Te Whare Wānanga Hangarau o Munich, Tari Hiato Waro (LCC)
Ko ngā waka hiko pūtau wahie (FCEV) e whakakahangia ana e te hauwai kore-tukunga (H2) ka whakarato i ētahi atu huarahi hei whakatutuki i ngā whāinga taiao kore. Ka taea te whakakī i tētahi waka pāhihi pūtau wahie me te miihini H2 i roto i te 5-7 meneti, ā, he 500 km te tawhiti, engari he nui ake te utu i tēnei wā nā te iti o ngā rahinga whakaputa. Ko tētahi huarahi hei whakaiti i ngā utu ko te whakamahi i tētahi tūāpapa paerewa mō ngā tauira BEV me FCEV. Kāore e taea tēnei i tēnei wā nā te mea kāore ngā tāke porotaka Momo 4 e whakamahia ana hei penapena i te hau H2 kōpeke (CGH2) i te 700 pae i roto i ngā FCEV e tika ana mō ngā wāhanga pākahiko o raro i hangaia mō ngā waka hiko. Heoi, ka taea e ngā oko pēhanga i roto i te āhua o ngā urunga me ngā poraka te uru ki roto i tēnei wāhi takai papatahi.
Ko te Patent US5577630A mō te "Composite Conformal Pressure Vessel", he tono nā Thiokol Corp. i te tau 1995 (maui) me te ipu pehanga tapawhā i patenthia e BMW i te tau 2009 (matau).
E rua ngā kaupapa e whai wāhi ana te Tari Hanga Waro (LCC) o te Whare Wānanga Hangarau o Munich (TUM, Munich, Tiamana) hei whakawhanake i tēnei ariā. Ko te tuatahi ko Polymers4Hydrogen (P4H), e arahina ana e te Leoben Polymer Competence Center (PCCL, Leoben, Austria). Ko te kete mahi LCC e arahina ana e te Hoa Elizabeth Glace.
Ko te kaupapa tuarua ko te Hydrogen Demonstration and Development Environment (HyDDen), kei reira te LCC e arahina ana e te Kairangahau a Christian Jaeger. Ko te whāinga o ēnei kaupapa e rua he waihanga i tētahi whakaaturanga nui o te tukanga hangahanga mō te hanga i tētahi tāke CGH2 e tika ana mā te whakamahi i ngā mea hiato muka waro.
He iti noa te whai huatanga o te rōrahi ina tāutahia ngā rango iti te diameter ki roto i ngā pūtau pākahiko papatahi (maui) me ngā oko pēhanga momo 2 tapawhā i hangaia ki ngā arai maitai me te anga waho muka waro/epoxy (matau). Pūtake Whakaahua: Ko ngā Pikitia 3 me te 6 i ahu mai i te "Numerical Design Approach for Type II Pressure Box Vessel with Internal Tension Legs" nā Ruf rāua ko Zaremba me ētahi atu.
Kua hangaia e P4H tētahi tāke poraka whakamātautau e whakamahi ana i tētahi anga kirihou wera me ngā whitiki/pou honohono kua takaihia ki te epoxy kua whakapakarihia ki te muka waro. Ka whakamahia e HyDDen tētahi hoahoa ōrite, engari ka whakamahia te whakatakotoranga muka aunoa (AFP) hei hanga i ngā tāke honohono kirihou wera katoa.
Mai i te tono pateni a Thiokol Corp. ki te "Ipu Pēhanga Whakakotahi Whakakotahi" i te tau 1995 ki te Pateni Tiamana DE19749950C2 i te tau 1997, "tērā pea he āhua āhuahanga ngā ipu hau kōpeke", engari he āhua papatahi, he āhua koretake hoki, i roto i te kōhao e hono ana ki te tautoko anga. Ka whakamahia ngā huānga kia taea ai e rātou te tu atu i te kaha o te whakawhanuitanga o te hau.
E whakaahua ana tētahi pepa o te Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) i te tau 2006, e toru ngā huarahi e whakaahuahia ana: he oko pēhanga āhua-whakarite kua takaihia ki te miro, he oko pēhanga moroiti kei roto he hanganga whakarara orthorhombic o roto (ngā pūtau iti, 2 cm te iti iho rānei), e karapotia ana e tētahi ipu H2 angiangi, me tētahi ipu tāruarua, he hanganga o roto kei roto ko ngā wāhanga iti kua piri (hei tauira, ngā mowhiti kirihou hexagonal) me tētahi hanganga o te kiri angiangi o waho. He pai ake ngā ipu tāruarua mō ngā ipu nui ake, ina uaua pea te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tuku iho.
Ko te Patent DE102009057170A i tukuna e Volkswagen i te tau 2009 e whakaahua ana i tētahi oko pēhanga e mau ana ki te waka ka whakarato i te taumaha teitei me te whakapai ake i te whakamahinga o te wāhi. Ka whakamahia e ngā tāke tapawhā ngā hononga kume i waenga i ngā pakitara tapawhā e rua e anga atu ana, ā, he porowhita ngā kokonga.
Kua whakahuatia ngā ariā o runga ake nei me ētahi atu i roto i te pepa "Process Development for Cubic Pressure Vessels with Stretch Bars" nā Gleiss et al. i ECCM20 (26-30 o Hune, 2022, Lausanne, Switzerland). I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka whakahuatia e ia tētahi rangahau TUM i whakaputaina e Michael Roof rāua ko Sven Zaremba, i kitea ai he pai ake te pai o tētahi oko pēhanga cubic me ngā pou whakapūmau e hono ana i ngā taha tapawhā i ētahi rango iti e uru ana ki te wāhi o tētahi pākahiko papatahi, e whakarato ana i te 25% atu wāhi rokiroki.
E ai ki a Gleiss, ko te raruraru o te tāuta i te maha o ngā rango iti momo 4 ki roto i tētahi pouaka papatahi ko "te iti haere o te rōrahi i waenga i ngā rango, ā, he nui rawa te mata uruhanga o te hau H2 o te pūnaha. I te nuinga, he iti ake te kaha rokiroki e whakaratohia ana e te pūnaha i ngā ipu pūtoru."
Heoi anō, kei reira anō ētahi atu raruraru e pā ana ki te hoahoa tapawhā o te tāke. "He mārama, nā te hau kua pēhia, me ārai koe i ngā kaha piko i runga i ngā pakitara papatahi," te kī a Gleiss. "Mō tēnei, me whai hanganga whakapakari koe e hono ana ki roto ki ngā pakitara o te tāke. Engari he uaua ki te mahi i tēnā me ngā mea hiato."
I ngana a Glace me tana tīma ki te whakauru i ngā pae whakakaha ki roto i te ipu pēhanga i roto i te huarahi e tika ana mō te tukanga takai miro. "He mea nui tēnei mō te whakaputa nui," tana whakamārama, "ā, ka taea hoki e mātou te hoahoa i te tauira takai o ngā pakitara ipu hei whakapai ake i te aronga muka mō ia kawenga i roto i te rohe."
E whā ngā taahiraa hei hanga i tētahi tāke whakamātautau mō te kaupapa P4H. Whiwhinga whakaahua: “Te whakawhanake i tētahi tukanga whakaputa mō ngā oko pēhanga pūtoru me te tautoko”, Te Whare Wānanga Hangarau o Munich, kaupapa Polymers4Hydrogen, ECCM20, Pipiri 2022.
Hei whakatutuki i te mekameka-i-runga, kua whakawhanakehia e te tīma tētahi ariā hou e whā ngā taahiraa matua, e whakaaturia ana i runga ake nei. Ko ngā pou whakapūmau, e whakaaturia ana i te pango i runga i ngā taahiraa, he hanganga anga kua oti te hanga mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga i tangohia mai i te kaupapa MAI Skelett. Mō tēnei kaupapa, i whakawhanakehia e BMW tētahi "anga" anga matapihi mā te whakamahi i ngā tokotoko pultrusion e whā kua whakapakarihia ki te muka, ā, i hangaia hei anga kirihou.
Ko te anga o tētahi tāke pūtoru whakamātautau. Ngā wāhanga angaanga hexagonal i tāia 3D e TUM mā te whakamahi i te miro PLA kāore i whakakahangia (runga), me te whakauru i ngā tokotoko pultrusion CF/PA6 hei tautoko i te kume (waenganui) kātahi ka takai i te miro ki ngā tautoko (raro). Whiwhinga whakaahua: Te Whare Wānanga Hangarau o Munich LCC.
"Ko te whakaaro kia taea e koe te hanga i te anga o te tāke poraka hei hanganga moroiti," te kī a Glace. "Kātahi ka whakanohoia ēnei moroiti ki roto i tētahi taputapu hanga, ka whakanohoia ngā pou whakapūmau ki roto i ngā moroiti anga, kātahi ka whakamahia te tikanga a MAI Skelett huri noa i ngā pou hei whakauru i a rātou ki ngā wāhanga anga." tikanga whakaputa papatipu, ka hua ake he hanganga ka whakamahia hei mandrel, hei matua rānei hei takai i te anga hiato o te tāke rokiroki.
I hangaia e TUM te anga o te tāke hei "urunga" poraka me ngā taha totoka, ngā kokonga porowhita me te tauira hexagonal i te tihi me te raro hei whakauru me te whakapiri atu ki ngā here. I tāia 3D hoki ngā kōhao mō ēnei whatanga. "Mō tā mātou tāke whakamātautau tuatahi, i tāia 3D e mātou ngā wāhanga anga hexagonal mā te whakamahi i te waikawa polylactic [PLA, he thermoplastic e hangai ana ki te koiora] nā te mea he ngāwari, he iti hoki te utu," te kī a Glace.
I hokona e te tīma e 68 ngā tokotoko polyamide 6 (PA6) i whakapakarihia ki te muka waro pultruded mai i SGL Carbon (Meitingen, Tiamana) hei whakamahi hei here. "Hei whakamātautau i te ariā, kāore mātou i hanga i tētahi whakahāngai," te kī a Gleiss, "engari i whakauru noa i ngā mokowā ki roto i tētahi anga matua honikoma tānga 3D, ā, i whakapirihia ki te kāpia epoxy. Kātahi ka hangaia he mandrel hei takai i te tāke." E kī ana ia ahakoa he ngāwari te takai i ēnei tokotoko, tera ētahi raruraru nui ka whakamāramahia i muri mai.
"I te wāhanga tuatahi, ko tā mātou whāinga he whakaatu i te āheinga hanga o te hoahoa me te tautuhi i ngā raruraru i roto i te ariā whakaputa," te whakamārama a Gleiss. "Nō reira ka puta mai ngā pou whakapūmau mai i te mata o waho o te hanganga angaanga, ā, ka tāpirihia e mātou ngā muka waro ki tēnei uho mā te whakamahi i te takai miro mākū. Whai muri i tēnā, i te tuatoru o ngā taahiraa, ka pikohia e mātou te pane o ia tokotoko here. he kirihou wera, nō reira ka whakamahia noa e mātou te wera hei hanga anō i te pane kia papatahi, kia mau ki te paparanga tuatahi o te takai. Kātahi ka haere tonu mātou ki te takai anō i te hanganga kia kapi te pane pana papatahi ki roto i te tāke. he paparanga whakarewa ki ngā pakitara."
Taupoki mokowā mō te takai. Ka whakamahia e TUM ngā taupoki kirihou i ngā pito o ngā tokotoko kume hei ārai i te raranga o ngā muka i te wā e takai ana te miro. Whiwhinga whakaahua: Te Whare Wānanga Hangarau o Munich LCC.
I kī anō a Glace ko tēnei tāke tuatahi he tohu o te ariā. "Ko te whakamahinga o te tānga 3D me te kāpia he whakamātautau tuatahi noa iho, ā, i homai he whakaaro ki a mātou mō ētahi o ngā raruraru i pā ki a mātou. Hei tauira, i te wā e takai ana, ka mau ngā miro i ngā pito o ngā tokotoko whakapūmau, ka pakaru te muka, ka pakaru te muka, ka whakaiti i te nui o te muka hei ārai i tēnei. I whakamahia e mātou ētahi taupoki kirihou hei āwhina hanga i whakatakotoria ki runga i ngā pou i mua i te taahiraa takai tuatahi. Kātahi, i te wā i hangaia ai ngā paparanga o roto, ka tangohia e mātou ēnei taupoki tiaki, ā, ka hurihia te āhua o ngā pito o ngā pou i mua i te takai whakamutunga."
I whakamātau te tīma i ngā momo āhuatanga hanga anō. "Ko te hunga e tirotiro haere ana te hunga e mahi pai ana," te kī a Grace. "I tua atu, i te wā o te hanga tauira, i whakamahia e mātou he taputapu whakarewa kua whakarerekētia hei whakamahi i te wera me te hanga anō i ngā pito o te tokotoko here. I roto i te ariā whakaputa papatipu, ka whai taputapu nui ake koe ka taea te hanga me te hanga i ngā pito katoa o ngā pou hei paparanga whakaoti o roto i te wā kotahi. ."
I hangaia anō ngā pane o te pae kume. I whakamātau a TUM i ngā ariā rerekē, ā, i whakarerekētia ngā whakarewa hei whakahāngai i ngā pito o ngā here hiato hei whakapiri atu ki te papa whakarewa o te pakitara tāke. Whiwhinga whakaahua: "Te whakawhanaketanga o tētahi tukanga whakaputa mō ngā oko pēhanga poraka me te tautoko", Te Whare Wānanga Hangarau o Munich, kaupapa Polymers4Hydrogen, ECCM20, Pipiri 2022.
Nō reira, ka whakamaroketia te papa whakarewa i muri i te takai tuatahi, ka hurihia te āhua o ngā pou, ka oti i te TUM te takai tuarua o ngā miro, kātahi ka whakamaroketia te papa whakarewa pakitara o waho o te tāke mō te wā tuarua. Kia mōhio koe he hoahoa tāke momo 5 tēnei, arā, kāore he arai kirihou hei ārai hau. Tirohia te kōrero i te wāhanga Ngā Takahanga e Whai Ake Nei i raro nei.
"I tapahia e mātou te whakaaturanga tuatahi kia rite ki ngā wāhanga whakawhiti, ā, i maherehia te rohe hono," te kī a Glace. "E whakaatu ana te tirohanga tata he raruraru kounga kei a mātou mō te papa raima, me te kore e takoto papatahi ngā pane o te pou ki runga i te papa raima o roto."
Te whakaoti rapanga me ngā āputa i waenga i te papa whakarewa o ngā pakitara o roto, o waho hoki o te tāke. Nā te pane tokotoko here kua whakarerekētia i hanga he āputa i waenga i te hurihanga tuatahi me te tuarua o te tāke whakamātautau. Whiwhinga whakaahua: Te Whare Wānanga Hangarau o Munich LCC.
I oti te hanga i tēnei tāke tuatahi, 450 x 290 x 80mm, i te raumati kua taha ake nei. "He nui ngā ahunga whakamua kua mahia e mātou mai i taua wā, engari kei te mau tonu te āputa i waenganui i te raima o roto me waho," te kī a Glace. "Nō reira i ngana mātou ki te whakakī i aua āputa ki te kapia ma, matotoru. Mā tēnei ka pai ake te hononga i waenganui i ngā pou me te raima, ka nui ake te taumahatanga ā-ringa."
I haere tonu te tīma ki te whakawhanake i te hoahoa me te tukanga o te tāke, tae atu ki ngā otinga mō te tauira takai e hiahiatia ana. "Kāore i tino piko ngā taha o te tāke whakamātautau nā te mea he uaua ki tēnei āhuahanga te hanga i tētahi ara takai," te whakamārama a Glace. "Ko tā mātou koki takai tuatahi he 75°, engari i mōhio mātou he maha ngā ara iahiko e hiahiatia ana hei whakatutuki i te kawenga i roto i tēnei oko pēhanga. Kei te rapu tonu mātou i tētahi otinga mō tēnei raruraru, engari ehara i te mea ngāwari me te pūmanawa kei te mākete i tēnei wā. Tērā pea ka waiho hei kaupapa whai muri."
"Kua whakaaturia e mātou te whaihua o tēnei ariā whakaputa," te kī a Gleiss, "engari me mahi tonu mātou ki te whakapai ake i te hononga i waenga i te papa whakarewa me te hanga anō i ngā rakau here. "He whakamātautau ā-waho i runga i te mīhini whakamātautau. Ka tangohia e koe ngā mokowā i roto i te papa whakarewa ka whakamātautau i ngā kawenga miihini ka taea e aua hononga te tu atu."
Ka oti tēnei wāhanga o te kaupapa Polymers4Hydrogen i te mutunga o te tau 2023, ā, i taua wā ka tumanako a Gleis ki te whakaoti i te tāke whakaaturanga tuarua. He mea whakamīharo, ko ngā hoahoa o ēnei rā e whakamahi ana i ngā kirihou whakamahana kua whakapakaritia i roto i te anga me ngā hiato whakamahana i roto i ngā pakitara tāke. Ka whakamahia rānei tēnei huarahi ranu i roto i te tāke whakaaturanga whakamutunga? "Āe," te kī a Grace. "Kei te whakawhanake ā mātou hoa mahi i roto i te kaupapa Polymers4Hydrogen i ngā kapia epoxy me ētahi atu rauemi matrix hiato me ngā āhuatanga arai hauwai pai ake." E whakarārangi ana ia i ngā hoa mahi e rua e mahi ana i tēnei mahi, ko PCCL me te Whare Wānanga o Tampere (Tampere, Finland).
I whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, i kōrero whakaaro hoki a Gleiss mā rātou ko tana tīma ki a Jaeger mō te kaupapa HyDDen tuarua mai i te tāke whakahiato conformal LCC.
"Ka hangaia e mātou he ipu pēhanga whakakotahi mō ngā waka rererangi korehau," te kī a Jaeger. "He mahi tahi tēnei i waenganui i ngā tari e rua o te Tari Ātea me te Whenua o TUM – LCC me te Tari Hangarau Hīkopata (HT). Ka oti te kaupapa i te mutunga o te tau 2024, ā, kei te whakaoti mātou i te ipu pēhanga. He hoahoa e aro nui ana ki te āhua ātea me te āhua motuka. Whai muri i tēnei wāhanga ariā tuatahi, ko te mahi e whai ake nei ko te mahi tauira hanganga taipitopito me te matapae i te mahi ārai o te hanganga pakitara."
"Ko te whakaaro nui ko te whakawhanake i tētahi waka rererangi rererangi iti me tētahi pūnaha whakatere hiko me te pūnaha whakatere pākahiko," tana kōrero tonu. Ka whakamahia te pākahiko i ngā wā e nui ana te mana (arā, te rere me te taunga) kātahi ka huri ki te pūtau wahie i te wā e tere ana te kawenga māmā. "Kua whai waka rererangi iti rangahau te tīma HT, ā, kua hangaia anō te pūnaha hiko kia whakamahia ngā pākahiko me ngā pūtau wahie," te kī a Yeager. "I hokona anō e rātou tētahi tāke CGH2 hei whakamātautau i tēnei tuku."
"I tukuna ki taku tīma te mahi ki te hanga i tētahi tauira tāke pēhanga e uru pai ana, engari ehara i te mea nā ngā take takai ka hangaia e tētahi tāke porotaka," tana whakamārama. "Kāore e nui te ātete o te hau i tētahi tāke papatahi. Nō reira, ka pai ake te rere." Ko ngā rahinga o te tāke he tata ki te 830 x 350 x 173 mm.
He tāke e tutuki ana i te paerewa AFP kirihou katoa. Mō te kaupapa HyDDen, i te tuatahi i tūhuratia e te tīma LCC i TUM tētahi huarahi rite ki tā Glace (kei runga ake nei), engari i neke atu ki tētahi huarahi e whakamahi ana i te huinga o ētahi kōwae hanganga, ā, i whakamahia nuitia ēnei mā te whakamahi i te AFP (kei raro nei). Whiwhinga whakaahua: Te Whare Wānanga Hangarau o Munich LCC.
"He rite tētahi whakaaro ki te huarahi a Elisabeth [Gleiss]," te kī a Yager, "ki te whakamahi i ngā tautoko kume ki te pakitara o te oko toto hei utu mō ngā kaha piko teitei. Heoi, hei utu mō te whakamahi i te tukanga takai hei hanga i te tāke, ka whakamahia e mātou te AFP. Nō reira, i whakaaro mātou ki te hanga i tētahi wāhanga motuhake o te oko toto pēhanga, kei reira kē ngā whatanga kua whakauruhia. Nā tēnei huarahi i taea ai e au te whakakotahi i ētahi o ēnei kōwae whakauru, kātahi ka whakamahi i te taupoki pito hei hiri i ngā mea katoa i mua i te takai AFP whakamutunga."
"Kei te ngana mātou ki te whakaoti i tētahi ariā pēnei," tana kōrero tonu, "me te tīmata hoki ki te whakamātautau i te kōwhiringa o ngā rauemi, he mea tino nui tēnei hei whakarite i te ātete e tika ana ki te urunga o te hau H2. Mō tēnei, ko te nuinga o ā mātou rauemi kirihou wera e whakamahia ana, ā, kei te mahi mātou ki ngā momo pānga o te rauemi ki tēnei whanonga urunga me te tukatuka i roto i te mīhini AFP. He mea nui kia mārama mēnā ka whai pānga te maimoatanga, ā, mēnā e hiahiatia ana he tukatuka-muri. E hiahia ana hoki mātou ki te mōhio mēnā ka pāngia te urunga hauwai e ngā puranga rerekē mā roto i te oko pēhanga."
Ka hangaia katoatia te tāke ki te kirihou wera, ā, ka tukuna ngā rīpene e Teijin Carbon Europe GmbH (Wuppertal, Tiamana). "Ka whakamahia e mātou ā rātou rauemi PPS [polyphenylene sulfide], PEEK [polyether ketone] me te LM PAEK [low melting polyaryl ketone]," te kī a Yager. "Kātahi ka whakatauritea kia kitea ko tēhea te mea pai rawa atu mō te tiaki i te urunga me te whakaputa i ngā wāhanga me te mahi pai ake." Ko tana tumanako ka oti te whakamātautau, te whakatauira hanganga me te tukanga me ngā whakaaturanga tuatahi i roto i te tau e whai ake nei.
I whakahaerehia te mahi rangahau i roto i te kōwae COMET "Polymers4Hydrogen" (ID 21647053) i roto i te kaupapa COMET o te Manatū ā-Motu mō te Huringa Āhuarangi, te Taiao, te Pūngao, te Nekenekehanga, te Auahatanga me te Hangarau me te Manatū ā-Motu mō te Hangarau Mamati me te Ōhanga. E mihi ana ngā kaituhi ki ngā hoa mahi i whai wāhi mai, arā, te Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH (PCCL, Austria), Montanuniversitaet Leoben (Faculty of Polymer Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry of Polymer Materials, Department of Materials Science and Polymer Testing), University of Tampere (Faculty of Engineering Materials). ) Science), Peak Technology me Faurecia i whai wāhi ki tēnei mahi rangahau. Ko te COMET-Modul i tautokona e te kāwanatanga o Austria me te kāwanatanga o te kawanatanga o Styria.
Kei roto i ngā pepa kua whakapakaritia mō ngā hanganga e mau ana i te kawenga ngā muka tonu – ehara i te mea mai i te karāhe anake, engari mai i te waro me te aramid hoki.
He maha ngā huarahi hei hanga i ngā wāhanga hiato. Nō reira, ko te whiriwhiri i te tikanga mō tētahi wāhanga ka whakawhirinaki ki te rauemi, te hoahoa o te wāhanga, me te whakamahinga whakamutunga, te tono rānei. Anei tētahi aratohu whiriwhiri.
Kei te whakawhanake a Shocker Composites me R&M International i tētahi mekameka tuku muka waro hangarua e kore ai e tukuna he patunga, he iti ake te utu i te muka tauhou, ā, ā tōna wā ka tukuna he roa e tata ana ki te muka tonu i roto i ngā āhuatanga hanganga.
Wā tuku: Maehe-15-2023