Technical University of Munich e nts'etsapele litanka tsa cubic tsa conformal tse sebelisang li-composite tsa carbon fiber ho eketsa polokelo ea haedrojene |lefats'e la li-composite

Litanka tse tloaelehileng tsa sethala se bataletseng bakeng sa li-BEV le li-FCEV li sebelisa metsoako ea thermoplastic le thermoset e nang le kaho ea skeleton e fanang ka polokelo ea H2 e fetang 25%.#hydrogen #trends
Ka mor'a hore tšebelisano-'moho le BMW e bontše hore tanka ea li-cubic e ka fana ka katleho e phahameng ea volumetric ho feta li-cylinders tse nyenyane tse ngata, Technical University ea Munich e ile ea qala morero oa ho hlahisa mohaho o kopantsoeng le ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa tse ngata bakeng sa tlhahiso ea serial.Mokitlane oa setšoantšo: TU Dresden (holimo) ka ho le letšehali), Technical University of Munich, Lefapha la Carbon Composites (LCC)
Fuel cell electric cars (FCEVs) tse tsamaisoang ke zero-emission (H2) hydrogen li fana ka mekhoa e meng ea ho finyella lipakane tsa tikoloho.Koloi ea koloi ea baeti e nang le enjene ea H2 e ka tlatsoa ka metsotso e 5-7 'me e na le sebaka sa lik'hilomithara tse 500, empa hona joale e theko e boima haholo ka lebaka la lihlahisoa tse fokolang tsa tlhahiso.Mokhoa o mong oa ho fokotsa litšenyehelo ke ho sebelisa sethala se tloaelehileng bakeng sa mefuta ea BEV le FCEV.Hona joale ha ho khonehe hobane litanka tsa cylindrical tsa Mofuta oa 4 tse sebelisetsoang ho boloka khase e hatelitsoeng ea H2 (CGH2) ho 700 bar ho FCEVs ha e tšoanelehe bakeng sa likarolo tsa betri tse ka tlas'a 'mele tse entsoeng ka hloko bakeng sa likoloi tsa motlakase.Leha ho le joalo, lijana tsa khatello ka mokhoa oa mesamo le li-cubes li ka kena sebakeng sena sa ho paka se bataletseng.
Patent US5577630A bakeng sa "Composite Conformal Pressure Vessel", kopo e kentsoeng ke Thiokol Corp. ka 1995 (ka ho le letšehali) le sekepe sa khatello ea rectangular se nang le tokelo ea molao ke BMW ka 2009 (ka ho le letona).
Lefapha la Li-Carbon Composites (LCC) la Technical University of Munich (TUM, Munich, Germany) le kentse letsoho mererong e 'meli ea ho ntšetsa pele khopolo ena.Ea pele ke Polymers4Hydrogen (P4H), e etelletsoeng pele ke Leoben Polymer Competence Center (PCCL, Leoben, Austria).Sephutheloana sa mosebetsi oa LCC se etelletsoe pele ke Fellow Elizabeth Glace.
Morero oa bobeli ke Hydrogen Demonstration and Development Environment (HyDDen), moo LCC e etelletsoeng pele ke Mofuputsi Christian Jaeger.Ka bobeli li ikemiselitse ho theha pontšo e kholo ea ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea ho etsa tanka e loketseng ea CGH2 ho sebelisa metsoako ea carbon fiber.
Ho na le bokhoni bo fokolang ba volumetric ha li-cylinders tse nyenyane tsa bophara li kenngoa liseleng tsa betri tse bataletseng (ka ho le letšehali) le likepe tsa khatello tsa mofuta oa 2 tse entsoeng ka li-liner tsa tšepe le khetla ea ka ntle ea carbon fiber / epoxy composite (ka ho le letona).Mohloli oa Litšoantšo: Lipalo 3 le 6 li tsoa "Mokhoa oa Moqapi oa Numere bakeng sa Mofuta oa II oa Khatello ea Box Vessel e nang le Maoto a Ka hare a Tension" ke Ruf le Zaremba et al.
P4H e thehile tanka ea liteko ea cube e sebelisang foreimi ea thermoplastic e nang le likhoele tse kopantsoeng tsa tsitsipano tse phuthetsoeng ka carbon fiber reinforced epoxy.HyDDen e tla sebelisa moralo o tšoanang, empa e tla sebelisa automatic fiber layup (AFP) ho etsa litanka tsohle tse kopaneng tsa thermoplastic.
Ho tloha ts'ebetsong ea patent ea Thiokol Corp. ho ea "Composite Conformal Pressure Vessel" ka 1995 ho ea Jeremane Patent DE19749950C2 ka 1997, likepe tsa khase tse hatelitsoeng "li ka ba le tlhophiso ea geometric", empa haholo-holo libopeho tse bataletseng le tse sa tloaelehang, ka har'a sekoti se amanang le tšehetso ea khetla. .lisebelisoa li sebelisoa e le hore li khone ho mamella matla a ho atolosoa ha khase.
Pampiri ea 2006 ea Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) e hlalosa mekhoa e meraro: sejana sa khatello ea leqeba le nang le leqeba, sejana sa khatello ea microlattice se nang le mohaho o ka hare oa orthorhombic lattice (lisele tse nyenyane tsa 2 cm kapa ka tlase), tse pota-potiloeng ke setshelo se tšesaane sa H2, le setshelo sa replicator, se nang le sebopeho sa ka hare se nang le likaroloana tse nyane tse khomaretsoeng (mohlala, mehele ea polasetiki e mahlakore a mabeli) le sebopeho sa letlalo le lesesaane la kantle.Li-container tse kopitsoang li loketse hantle bakeng sa lijana tse kholo moo ho ka bang thata ho sebelisa mekhoa ea setso.
Patent DE102009057170A e kentsoeng ke Volkswagen ka 2009 e hlalosa sekepe sa khatello ea koloi se tla fana ka katleho e phahameng ea boima ba 'mele ha se ntse se ntlafatsa tšebeliso ea sebaka.Litanka tse nang le li-rectangular li sebelisa likhokahano tsa tsitsipano pakeng tsa marako a mabeli a mahlakoreng a mabeli, 'me likhutlo li pota-potiloe.
Likhopolo tse ka holimo le tse ling li qotsitsoe ke Gleiss pampiring ea "Ts'ebetso ea Ts'ebetso ea Lijana tsa Khatello ea Li-Cubic tse nang le Li-Stretch Bars" ke Gleiss et al.ho ECCM20 (June 26-30, 2022, Lausanne, Switzerland).Sehloohong sena, o qotsa phuputso ea TUM e hatisitsoeng ke Michael Roof le Sven Zaremba, e fumaneng hore sekepe sa khatello ea li-cubic se nang le likhoele tsa tsitsipano tse kopanyang mahlakore a mahlakore a mabeli se sebetsa hantle ho feta li-cylinders tse 'maloa tse nyenyane tse kenang sebakeng sa betri e bataletseng, e fanang ka hoo e ka bang 25 % Hape.sebaka sa polokelo.
Ho ea ka Gleiss, bothata ba ho kenya palo e kholo ea li-cylinders tsa mofuta oa 4 sebakeng se bataletseng ke hore "molumo o pakeng tsa li-cylinders o fokotsehile haholo 'me tsamaiso e boetse e na le sebaka se seholo haholo sa khase ea H2.Ka kakaretso, sistimi e fana ka polokelo e nyane ho feta linkho tsa cubic. ”
Leha ho le joalo, ho na le mathata a mang ka moralo oa li-cubic tsa tanka."Ho hlakile hore ka lebaka la khase e hatelitsoeng, ho hlokahala hore u loantše matla a ho koba maboteng a bataletseng," Gleiss o itse."Bakeng sa sena, o hloka mohaho o matlafalitsoeng o hokahanyang ka hare ho marako a tanka.Empa ho thata ho etsa joalo ka li-composite. ”
Glace le sehlopha sa hae ba ile ba leka ho kenyelletsa litšepe tse matlafatsang ka har'a sekepe sa khatello ka tsela e neng e tla tšoanela mokhoa oa ho foka ha likhoele."Sena se bohlokoa bakeng sa tlhahiso e phahameng haholo," oa hlalosa, "'me se boetse se re lumella ho rala mokhoa oa ho pota-pota mabota a lijana ho ntlafatsa mokhoa oa ho tsamaisa fiber bakeng sa mojaro o mong le o mong sebakeng seo."
Mehato e mene ea ho etsa tanka e kopaneng ea li-cubic composite morerong oa P4H.Mokitlane oa setšoantšo: "Nts'etsopele ea ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea likepe tsa khatello ea li-cubic tse nang le brace", Technical University ea Munich, morero oa Polymers4Hydrogen, ECCM20, Phuptjane 2022.
Ho fihlela ketane, sehlopha se thehile mohopolo o mocha o nang le mehato e mene ea mantlha, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe kaholimo.Lits'oants'o tsa tsitsipano, tse bonts'itsoeng ka botsho litepising, ke sebopeho sa foreimi e entsoeng esale pele e entsoeng ka mekhoa e nkiloeng morerong oa MAI Skelett.Bakeng sa morero ona, BMW e ile ea etsa foreimi ea windshield "framework" e sebelisa li-fiber-reinforced pultrusion rods, tse ileng tsa etsoa foreimi ea polasetiki.
Foreimi ea tanka ea liteko ea cubic.Likarolo tsa marapo a hexagonal 3D e hatisitsoeng ke TUM e sebelisa li-PLA filament e sa tiisetsoang (holimo), ho kenya lithupa tsa CF/PA6 e le li-braces tsa tsitsipano (bohareng) ebe li phuthela khoele ho pota-potile marapo (ka tlase).Setšoantšo sa mokitlane: Technical University ea Munich LCC.
"Mohopolo ke hore o ka etsa foreimi ea tanka ea cubic joalo ka sebopeho sa modular," ho boletse Glace."Li-module tsena li kenngoa ka sesebelisoa sa ho bopa, li-struts tsa tsitsipano li kenngoa ka har'a li-module tsa foreimi, ebe mokhoa oa MAI Skelett o sebelisoa ho pota-potile li-struts ho li kopanya le likarolo tsa foreimi."mokhoa oa ho hlahisa boima, o hlahisang sebopeho seo ka nako eo se sebelisoang e le mandrel kapa mantlha ho thatela tanka ea polokelo e kopantsoeng le khetla.
TUM e entse foreimi ea tanka e le "cushion" ea "cubic" e nang le mahlakore a tiileng, likhutlo tse chitja le paterone ea hexagonal ka holimo le tlase moo maqhama a ka kenngoa le ho hokelloa.Likoti tsa liraka tsena le tsona li ne li hatisitsoe ka 3D."Bakeng sa tanka ea rona ea pele ea liteko, re 3D re hatisitse likarolo tsa foreimi ea hexagonal re sebelisa polylactic acid [PLA, bio-based thermoplastic] hobane e ne e le bonolo ebile e le theko e tlaase," Glace o itse.
Sehlopha se rekile lithupa tse 68 tsa pultruded carbon fiber reinforced polyamide 6 (PA6) ho tsoa ho SGL Carbon (Meitingen, Jeremane) hore li sebelisoe e le maqhama.Gleiss o re: “Ho hlahloba taba ena, ha rea ​​ka ra etsa letho, empa re ile ra kenya li-spacers foreiming ea khekhe ea linotši e hatisitsoeng ea 3D eaba re e khomaretsa ka sekhomaretsi sa epoxy.Sena se fana ka mandrel bakeng sa ho sotha tanka. ”O bolela hore le hoja lithupa tsena li batla li le bonolo ho tsoelipana, ho na le mathata a bohlokoa a tla hlalosoa hamorao.
"Boemong ba pele, sepheo sa rona e ne e le ho bonts'a ts'ebetso ea moralo le ho khetholla mathata mohopolong oa tlhahiso," ho hlalositse Gleiss."Kahoo li-struts tsa tsitsipano li hlahella karolong e ka ntle ea skeletal, 'me re kopanya likhoele tsa k'habone mokokotlong ona re sebelisa matsoelintsoeke a mongobo.Ka mor'a moo, mohato oa boraro, re khumama hlooho ea molamu o mong le o mong oa thae.thermoplastic, kahoo re sebelisa mocheso ho fetola hlooho hape e le hore e tle e batalle ebe e notlela lera la pele la ho phuthela.Ebe re tsoela pele ho phuthela sebopeho hape e le hore hlooho e otlolohileng e kenngoe ka geometrically ka har'a tanka.laminate maboteng.
Spacer cap bakeng sa matsoelintsoeke.TUM e sebelisa likatiba tsa polasetiki lipheletsong tsa lithupa tsa tsitsipano ho thibela likhoele hore li se ke tsa thekesela nakong ea ho tsoelipana ha likhoele.Setšoantšo sa mokitlane: Technical University ea Munich LCC.
Glace o ile a pheta hape hore tanka ena ea pele e ne e le bopaki ba mohopolo."Tšebeliso ea khatiso ea 3D le sekhomaretsi e ne e le tlhahlobo ea pele feela 'me ea re fa leseli la mathata a seng makae ao re kopaneng le ona.Mohlala, nakong ea matsoelintsoeke, likhoele li ne li ts'oaroa ke lipheletsong tsa melamu ea tsitsipano, e bakang ho phatloha ha fiber, ho senyeha ha fiber, le ho fokotsa bongata ba fiber ho hanyetsa sena.re ne re sebelisa likatiba tse seng kae tsa polasetiki e le lithuso tsa ho etsa lintho tse neng li behoa lipalong pele ho mohato oa pele o tsoelipanang. Joale, ha ho etsoa li-laminate tse ka hare, re ne re tlosa likatiba tsena tse sireletsang ’me ra fetola lipheletso tsa lipalo pele re phuthela ka ho qetela.”
Sehlopha se lekile ka maemo a fapaneng a kaho bocha.Grace o re: “Ba shebang hohle ba sebetsa hantle ka ho fetisisa."Hape, nakong ea prototyping, re sebelisitse sesebelisoa se fetotsoeng sa welding ho kenya mocheso le ho fetola lipheletso tsa thae.Ka mohopolo oa tlhahiso ea bongata, u tla ba le sesebelisoa se le seng se seholoanyane se ka bopang le ho theha lipheletsong tsohle tsa li-struts ka har'a laminate ea ka hare ka nako e le 'ngoe..”
Lihlooho tsa li-drawbar li entsoe bocha.TUM e ile ea etsa liteko ka maikutlo a fapaneng mme ea fetola li-welds ho hokahanya lipheletsong tsa maqhama a kopaneng bakeng sa ho hokela lebota la tanka laminate.Mokitlane oa setšoantšo: "Nts'etsopele ea ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea likepe tsa khatello ea li-cubic tse nang le brace", Technical University ea Munich, morero oa Polymers4Hydrogen, ECCM20, Phuptjane 2022.
Ka hona, laminate e phekoloa ka mor'a mohato oa pele oa ho phalla, li-post li tsosolosoa, TUM e phethela moea oa bobeli oa li-filaments, ebe lerako la ka ntle la lerako la laminate le phekoloa lekhetlo la bobeli.Ka kopo hlokomela hore ona ke moralo oa tanka ea mofuta oa 5, ho bolelang hore ha e na lesela la polasetiki e le thibelo ea khase.Sheba puisano karolong e latelang Mehato e ka tlase.
"Re ile ra khaola demo ea pele ka likarolo tse fapaneng 'me ra etsa 'mapa oa sebaka se hokahaneng," ho boletse Glace."Haufinyane ho bonts'a hore re ne re e-na le mathata a boleng ba laminate, 'me lihlooho tsa strut li ne li sa lule fatše holim'a laminate e ka hare."
Ho rarolla mathata ka likheo pakeng tsa laminate ea marako a ka hare le a ka ntle a tanka.Hlooho e fetotsoeng ea thae e baka lekhalo lipakeng tsa mothinya oa pele le oa bobeli oa tanka ea liteko.Setšoantšo sa mokitlane: Technical University ea Munich LCC.
Tanka ena ea pele ea 450 x 290 x 80mm e phethetsoe lehlabuleng le fetileng."Re entse tsoelo-pele e ngata ho tloha ka nako eo, empa re ntse re e-na le lekhalo pakeng tsa laminate ea ka hare le ea ka ntle," Glace o itse.Kahoo re ile ra leka ho tlatsa likheo tseo ka resin e hloekileng, e phahameng ea viscosity.Sena se hlile se ntlafatsa kamano pakeng tsa li-studs le laminate, e leng ho eketsang khatello ea kelello haholo. "
Sehlopha se ile sa tsoela pele ho nts'etsapele moralo le ts'ebetso ea tanka, ho kenyelletsa le litharollo tsa mokhoa o lakatsehang oa ho tsubella."Mahlakore a tanka ea teko a ne a sa kobeha ka ho feletseng hobane ho ne ho le thata ho geometry ena ho etsa tsela e matsoelintsoeke," Glace o hlalositse."Leqhubu la rona la pele la matsoelintsoeke e ne e le 75 °, empa re ne re tseba hore ho ne ho hlokahala lipotoloho tse ngata ho sebetsana le mojaro sekepeng sena sa khatello.Re ntse re batla tharollo bothateng bona, empa ha ho bonolo ka software e teng hona joale 'marakeng.E ka fetoha projeke ea morao-rao.
Gleiss o re: "Re bontšitse ho khoneha ha khopolo ena ea tlhahiso, empa re lokela ho sebetsa ka ho eketsehileng ho ntlafatsa kamano pakeng tsa laminate le ho tsosolosa lithapo tsa thae.“Teko ea kantle mochining oa tlhahlobo.U ntša li-spacers ka har'a laminate 'me u leke meroalo eo manonyeletso ao a ka e mamellang."
Karolo ena ea morero oa Polymers4Hydrogen e tla phethoa qetellong ea 2023, nakong eo Gleis e tšepileng ho phethela tanka ea bobeli ea lipontšo.Ho khahlisang, meralo kajeno e sebelisa thermoplastic e matlafalitsoeng ka makhethe foreiming le li-composite tsa thermoset maboteng a tanka.Na mokhoa ona oa lebasetere o tla sebelisoa tanka ea ho qetela ea pontšo?“Ee,” ha rialo Grace."Balekane ba rona morerong oa Polymers4Hydrogen ba ntse ba etsa li-epoxy resin le lisebelisoa tse ling tse kopaneng tsa matrix tse nang le thepa e ntle ea hydrogen barrier."O thathamisa balekane ba babeli ba sebetsang mosebetsing ona, PCCL le Univesithi ea Tampere (Tampere, Finland).
Gleiss le sehlopha sa hae le bona ba ile ba fapanyetsana tlhahisoleseling mme ba buisana ka mehopolo le Jaeger ka projeke ea bobeli ea HyDDen ho tsoa tanka e kopaneng ea LCC.
Jaeger o re: "Re tla be re hlahisa seketsoana sa khatello e kopaneng bakeng sa li-drones tsa lipatlisiso."Ena ke tšebelisano pakeng tsa mafapha a mabeli a Lefapha la Aerospace le Geodetic la TUM - LCC le Lefapha la Helicopter Technology (HT).Morero o tla phetheloa bofelong ba 2024 mme hajoale re ntse re phethela sekepe sa khatello.moetso o nang le mokhoa o mongata oa sefofane le likoloi.Kamora mohato ona oa mohopolo oa pele, mohato o latelang ke ho etsa mohlala o hlakileng oa sebopeho le ho bolela esale pele ts'ebetso ea tšitiso ea sebopeho sa lebota. ”
"Mohopolo oohle ke ho hlahisa drone e hlahlobang e nang le hybrid cell cell propulsion system," a tsoela pele.E tla sebelisa betri nakong ea meroalo e matla ea matla (e leng ho tloha le ho theoha) ebe e fetohela seleng ea mafura nakong ea leeto la phallo e bobebe."Sehlopha sa HT se ne se se se ntse se e-na le drone ea lipatlisiso 'me se hlophisitse bocha motlakase ho sebelisa libeteri le lisele tsa mafura," Yeager o itse."Ba boetse ba rekile tanka ea CGH2 ho leka phetiso ena."
"Sehlopha sa ka se ne se filoe mosebetsi oa ho haha ​​​​setšoantšo sa tanka ea khatello e neng e tla lekana, empa eseng ka lebaka la mathata a ho paka ao tanka ea cylindrical e neng e tla e etsa," oa hlalosa."Tanka e bataletseng ha e fane ka khanyetso e ngata hakalo ea moea.Kahoo o fumana tšebetso e ntle ea sefofane. ”Litanka tsa boholo ba hoo e ka bang.830 x 350 x 173 limilimithara.
Tanka e lumellanang le thermoplastic ea AFP ka botlalo.Bakeng sa morero oa HyDDen, sehlopha sa LCC se TUM qalong se ile sa hlahloba mokhoa o ts'oanang le o sebelisoang ke Glace (ka holimo), empa joale se fallela mokhoeng o sebelisang motsoako oa li-modules tse 'maloa tsa meralo, tse ileng tsa sebelisoa ho feta tekano ho sebelisoa AFP (ka tlase).Setšoantšo sa mokitlane: Technical University ea Munich LCC.
Yager o re: “Khopolo e ’ngoe e tšoana le ea Elisabeth [Gleiss] ea ho kenya litšepe tse tiisang leboteng la sekepe ho lefella matla a holimo a kobehang.Leha ho le joalo, ho e-na le ho sebelisa mokhoa oa ho pota-pota ho etsa tanka, re sebelisa AFP.Ka hona, re ile ra nahana ka ho theha karolo e arohaneng ea sekepe sa khatello, moo li-racks li seng li kopantsoe.Mokhoa ona o ile oa ntumella ho kopanya tse 'maloa tsa li-module tsena tse kopantsoeng ebe ke kenya sekoaelo sa ho qetela ho tiisa ntho e' ngoe le e 'ngoe pele ho AFP ea ho qetela."
"Re leka ho phethela mohopolo o joalo," o ile a tsoela pele, "mme hape re qala ho hlahloba khetho ea thepa, e leng ea bohlokoa haholo ho netefatsa hore ho na le khanyetso e hlokahalang ea ho kenella ha khase ea H2.Bakeng sa sena, haholo-holo re sebelisa thepa ea thermoplastic 'me re ntse re sebetsa ka litsela tse fapa-fapaneng hore na boitsebiso bo tla ama mokhoa ona oa ho phunyeletsa joang le ho sebetsa mochine oa AFP.Ke habohlokoa ho utloisisa hore na phekolo e tla ba le phello le hore na ho na le ts'ebetso ea morao-rao e hlokahalang.Re boetse re batla ho tseba hore na mekotla e fapaneng e tla ama hydrogen permeation ka sekepe sa khatello. ”
Tanka e tla be e entsoe ka thermoplastic ka botlalo 'me likhoele li tla fanoa ke Teijin Carbon Europe GmbH (Wuppertal, Germany)."Re tla sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa bona tsa PPS [polyphenylene sulfide], PEEK [polyether ketone] le LM PAEK [low melting polyaryl ketone]," Yager o itse."Eaba ho bapisoa ho etsoa ho bona hore na ke efe e molemohali bakeng sa tšireletso ea ho kenella le ho hlahisa likarolo tse nang le ts'ebetso e ntle."O na le tšepo ea ho phethela liteko, moralo le ts'ebetso ea mohlala le lipontšo tsa pele nakong ea selemo se tlang.
Mosebetsi oa lipatlisiso o ile oa etsoa ka har'a mojule oa COMET "Polymers4Hydrogen" (ID 21647053) ka har'a lenaneo la COMET la Lekala la Federale la Phetoho ea Tlelaemete, Tikoloho, Matla, Mobility, Innovation le Theknoloji le Lekala la Federale la Digital Technology le Economics..Bangoli ba leboha balekane ba kopanelang Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH (PCCL, Austria), Montanuniversitaet Leoben (Faculty of Polymer Engineering le Science, Lefapha la Khemistri ea Polymer Materials, Lefapha la Materials Science le Polymer Testing), Univesithi ea Tampere (Faculty of Engineering Lisebelisoa).) Saense), Peak Technology le Faurecia ba kentse letsoho mosebetsing ona oa lipatlisiso.COMET-Modul e tšehelitsoe ka lichelete ke mmuso oa Austria le mmuso oa setereke sa Styria.
Lipampiri tse matlafalitsoeng pele bakeng sa mehaho e jereng mojaro li na le likhoele tse tsoelang pele - eseng feela ho tloha ka khalase, empa hape le ho tloha ho carbon le aramid.
Ho na le mekhoa e mengata ea ho etsa likarolo tse kopaneng.Ka hona, khetho ea mokhoa bakeng sa karolo e itseng e tla itšetleha ka thepa, moralo oa karolo, le tšebeliso ea ho qetela kapa kopo.Mona ke tataiso ea khetho.
Shocker Composites le R&M International li nts'etsapele phepelo ea phepelo ea khabone e sebelisoang hape e fanang ka polao e se nang letho, litšenyehelo tse tlase ho feta fiber ea virgin mme qetellong e tla fana ka bolelele bo atamelang fiber e tsoelang pele meahong ea sebopeho.


Nako ea poso: Mar-15-2023