Matanki okhazikika apulatifomu ya ma BEV ndi ma FCEV amagwiritsa ntchito ma thermoplastic ndi thermoset composites okhala ndi mafupa omanga omwe amapereka 25% kusungirako kwa H2. #hydrogen #trends
Pambuyo pa mgwirizano ndi BMW adawonetsa kuti thanki ya cubic imatha kutulutsa mphamvu zambiri kuposa masilinda ang'onoang'ono angapo, Technical University of Munich idayamba ntchito yopanga kapangidwe kazinthu komanso njira yopangira scalable yopanga serial. Ngongole ya zithunzi: TU Dresden (pamwamba) kumanzere), Technical University of Munich, Department of Carbon Composites (LCC)
Magalimoto amagetsi amafuta (FCEVs) oyendetsedwa ndi zero-emission (H2) haidrojeni amapereka njira zowonjezera kuti akwaniritse zolinga zachilengedwe. Galimoto yonyamula mafuta yokhala ndi injini ya H2 imatha kudzazidwa mu mphindi 5-7 ndipo imakhala ndi mtunda wa makilomita 500, koma pakali pano ndi yokwera mtengo kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kupanga. Njira imodzi yochepetsera ndalama ndikugwiritsa ntchito nsanja yokhazikika yamitundu ya BEV ndi FCEV. Izi sizingatheke chifukwa matanki amtundu wa 4 wa cylindrical omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito posungira gasi woponderezedwa wa H2 (CGH2) pa bar 700 mu FCEVs sali oyenerera zipinda za batri zapansi zomwe zapangidwira mosamala magalimoto amagetsi. Komabe, zotengera zopanikizika zomwe zili ngati mapilo ndi ma cubes zimatha kulowa m'malo ophatikizika awa.
Patent US5577630A ya "Composite Conformal Pressure Vessel", ntchito yolembedwa ndi Thiokol Corp. mu 1995 (kumanzere) ndi chotengera cha rectangular chovomerezeka ndi BMW mu 2009 (kumanja).
Dipatimenti ya Carbon Composites (LCC) ya Technical University of Munich (TUM, Munich, Germany) ikugwira nawo ntchito ziwiri zopanga lingaliroli. Yoyamba ndi Polymers4Hydrogen (P4H), motsogozedwa ndi Leoben Polymer Competence Center (PCCL, Leoben, Austria). Phukusi la ntchito ya LCC limatsogozedwa ndi Fellow Elizabeth Glace.
Ntchito yachiwiri ndi Hydrogen Demonstration and Development Environment (HyDDen), kumene LCC imatsogoleredwa ndi Wofufuza Christian Jaeger. Onsewa akufuna kupanga chiwonetsero chachikulu cha njira yopangira kupanga tanki yoyenera ya CGH2 pogwiritsa ntchito zida za carbon fiber.
Pali mphamvu zochepa za volumetric pamene masilinda ang'onoang'ono amaikidwa m'maselo a batri lathyathyathya (kumanzere) ndi zotengera zamtundu wa kiyubiki 2 zopangidwa ndizitsulo zachitsulo ndi chipolopolo cha carbon / epoxy composite kunja (kumanja). Gwero la Zithunzi: Zithunzi 3 ndi 6 zimachokera ku "Numerical Design Approach for Type II Pressure Box Vessel yokhala ndi Miyendo Yamkati Yamkati" ndi Ruf ndi Zaremba et al.
P4H yapanga thanki yoyesera ya cube yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito chimango cha thermoplastic chokhala ndi zingwe zomangika / zingwe zokulungidwa mu carbon fiber reinforced epoxy. HyDDen idzagwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe ofanana, koma idzagwiritsa ntchito automatic fiber layup (AFP) kupanga matanki onse opangidwa ndi thermoplastic.
Kuchokera pakugwiritsa ntchito patent ndi Thiokol Corp. kupita ku "Composite Conformal Pressure Vessel" mu 1995 kupita ku German Patent DE19749950C2 mu 1997, zombo zoponderezedwa za gasi "zikhoza kukhala ndi makonzedwe a geometric", koma makamaka mawonekedwe osasunthika komanso osakhazikika, pabowo lolumikizidwa ndi chipolopolo chothandizira. zinthu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti athe kupirira mphamvu ya kukula kwa gasi.
Pepala la 2006 la Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) limafotokoza njira zitatu: chotengera cholumikizira chilonda, chotengera cha microlattice chomwe chili ndi mkati mwa orthorhombic lattice structure (ma cell ang'onoang'ono a 2 cm kapena kuchepera), atazunguliridwa ndi chidebe chopyapyala chokhala ndi mipanda ya H2, ndi chidebe chofananira, chopangidwa ndi pulasitiki yaing'ono. mphete) ndi kapangidwe ka khungu lopyapyala lakunja. Zotengera zobwereza ndizoyenera kwambiri zotengera zazikulu momwe njira zachikhalidwe zimakhala zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito.
Patent DE102009057170A yosungidwa ndi Volkswagen mu 2009 imalongosola chombo chokwera pamagalimoto chomwe chidzapereka kulemera kwakukulu ndikuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito malo. Matanki a rectangular amagwiritsa ntchito zolumikizira zolumikizana pakati pa makoma awiri akona, ndipo ngodya zake ndi zozungulira.
Mfundo zapamwambazi ndi zina zatchulidwa ndi Gleiss mu pepala la "Process Development for Cubic Pressure Vessels ndi Stretch Bars" lolemba Gleiss et al. ku ECCM20 (June 26-30, 2022, Lausanne, Switzerland). M'nkhaniyi, akutchula kafukufuku wa TUM wofalitsidwa ndi Michael Roof ndi Sven Zaremba, yemwe adapeza kuti chotengera chopondereza cha kiyubiki chokhala ndi zingwe zomangika zomwe zimalumikiza mbali zamakona ndizochita bwino kuposa masilinda ang'onoang'ono angapo omwe amalowa mu danga la batri lathyathyathya, kupereka pafupifupi 25% yowonjezera. malo osungira.
Malinga ndi Gleiss, vuto loyika masilindala angapo ang’onoang’ono amtundu wa 4 m’chipinda chathyathyathya n’chakuti “voliyumu pakati pa masilindalawa imachepetsedwa kwambiri ndipo dongosololi lilinso ndi malo odzaza mpweya waukulu kwambiri wa H2.
Komabe, palinso zovuta zina ndi kapangidwe ka tanki ka cubic. "Mwachiwonekere, chifukwa cha mpweya wopanikizika, muyenera kulimbana ndi mphamvu zopindika pamakoma athyathyathya," adatero Gleiss. "Kuti muchite izi, mukufunikira cholimba chomwe chimalumikizana ndi makoma a thanki."
Glace ndi gulu lake anayesa kuphatikizira mipiringidzo yolimbikitsira m'chombo chokakamiza m'njira yomwe ingakhale yoyenera pakumangirira kwa ulusi. "Izi ndizofunikira pakupanga kuchuluka kwakukulu," akufotokozanso, "komanso zimatipatsa mwayi wopanga makhoma a chidebecho kuti tikwaniritse mawonekedwe amtundu uliwonse m'derali."
Njira zinayi zopangira tanki yoyeserera ya projekiti ya P4H. Ngongole yazithunzi: "Kupanga njira yopangira zombo zokhala ndi ma cubic pressure", Technical University of Munich, Polymers4Hydrogen project, ECCM20, June 2022.
Kuti tikwaniritse unyolo, gululi lapanga lingaliro latsopano lokhala ndi masitepe anayi, monga tawonera pamwambapa. Ma struts amphamvu, omwe amawonetsedwa mwakuda pamasitepe, ndi mawonekedwe opangidwa kale omwe amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zotengedwa ku projekiti ya MAI Skelett. Pantchitoyi, BMW idapanga "chizindikiro" cha windshield chogwiritsa ntchito ndodo zinayi zolimbitsa ma fiber, zomwe zidapangidwa kukhala pulasitiki.
Choyimira cha tanki yoyesera ya cubic. Magawo a hexagonal chigoba cha 3D chosindikizidwa ndi TUM pogwiritsa ntchito ulusi wosalimba wa PLA (pamwamba), ndikulowetsa ndodo za CF/PA6 ngati zingwe zomangika (pakati) ndiyeno kukulunga ulusi mozungulira zingwe (pansi). Chithunzi chojambula: Technical University of Munich LCC.
"Lingaliro ndilakuti mutha kupanga chimango cha tanki ya cubic ngati mawonekedwe okhazikika," adatero Glace. "Ma module awa amayikidwa mu chida chomangira, zomangira zomangika zimayikidwa m'ma module, kenako njira ya MAI Skelett imagwiritsidwa ntchito mozungulira ma struts kuti awaphatikize ndi zigawo za chimango." kupanga misa njira, chifukwa mu dongosolo kuti kenako ntchito ngati mandrel kapena pachimake kukulunga thanki yosungirako gulu chipolopolo.
TUM idapanga chimango cha thanki ngati "khushoni" ya kiyubiki yokhala ndi mbali zolimba, ngodya zozungulira komanso mawonekedwe a hexagonal pamwamba ndi pansi pomwe zomangira zimatha kuyikidwa ndi kumata. Mabowo a rack awa adasindikizidwanso 3D. "Kwa thanki yathu yoyamba yoyesera, ife 3D tinasindikiza zigawo za hexagonal frame pogwiritsa ntchito polylactic acid [PLA, bio-based thermoplastic] chifukwa inali yosavuta komanso yotsika mtengo," adatero Glace.
Gululo lidagula ndodo 68 za pultruded carbon fiber reinforced polyamide 6 (PA6) kuchokera ku SGL Carbon (Meitingen, Germany) kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zomangira. Gleiss anati: “Kuti tiyese mfundo imeneyi, sitinaumbe chilichonse, koma tinangolowetsamo zisa za zisa za zisa zosindikizidwa za 3D n’kuzimata ndi guluu wa epoxy. Iye ananena kuti ngakhale ndodozi n’zosavuta kuzizunguza, pali mavuto ena aakulu amene adzafotokozedwa m’tsogolomu.
"Pa gawo loyamba, cholinga chathu chinali kusonyeza manufacturability wa mapangidwe ndi kuzindikira mavuto mu lingaliro kupanga," anafotokoza Gleiss. "Choncho ma struts amanjenje amatuluka kuchokera kunja kwa chigoba, ndipo timagwirizanitsa zitsulo za kaboni pachimake ichi pogwiritsa ntchito ulusi wonyowa. Pambuyo pake, mu gawo lachitatu, timapinda mutu wa ndodo iliyonse. ndi geometrically anatsekeredwa mkati mwa thanki laminate pa makoma.
Chovala cha Spacer kuti chikuyendetse. TUM imagwiritsa ntchito zisoti za pulasitiki kumapeto kwa ndodo zomangika kuti ulusi zisagwedezeke pakumangirira kwa ulusi. Chithunzi chojambula: Technical University of Munich LCC.
Glace adanenanso kuti thanki yoyamba iyi inali umboni wa lingaliro. "Kugwiritsa ntchito kusindikiza kwa 3D ndi guluu kunali poyesa koyamba ndipo kunatipatsa lingaliro la zovuta zingapo zomwe tidakumana nazo." Mwachitsanzo, pakumangirira, ma filaments adagwidwa ndi malekezero a ndodo zomangika, zomwe zimayambitsa kusweka kwa ulusi, kuwonongeka kwa ulusi, komanso kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ulusi kuti tithane ndi izi. zisoti zotetezera ndi kukonzanso nsonga za mizatiyo isanakutidwe komaliza.”
Gululo linayesa zochitika zosiyanasiyana zomanganso. Grace akutero: "Komanso, mu gawo la prototyping, tidagwiritsa ntchito chida chowotcherera chosinthidwa kuti tigwiritse ntchito kutentha ndikusinthanso nsonga za ndodo. Mu lingaliro lopanga zinthu zambiri, mungakhale ndi chida chimodzi chokulirapo chomwe chimatha kupanga malekezero onse a struts kukhala laminate yomaliza yamkati nthawi imodzi. . "
Mitu ya drawbar idapangidwanso. TUM idayesa malingaliro osiyanasiyana ndikusintha ma welds kuti agwirizane ndi malekezero a zomangira zophatikizika kuti amangirire ku thanki khoma laminate. Ngongole yazithunzi: "Kupanga njira yopangira zombo zokhala ndi ma cubic pressure", Technical University of Munich, Polymers4Hydrogen project, ECCM20, June 2022.
Choncho, laminate imachiritsidwa pambuyo pa sitepe yoyamba yokhotakhota, nsanamirazo zimakonzedwanso, TUM imamaliza kuphulika kwachiwiri kwa filaments, ndiyeno thanki yakunja ya khoma laminate imachiritsidwa kachiwiri. Chonde dziwani kuti iyi ndi mtundu wa tank 5, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ilibe pulasitiki ngati chotchinga mpweya. Onani zokambirana mu gawo la Masitepe Otsatira pansipa.
"Tinadula chiwonetsero choyamba kukhala magawo odutsa ndikujambula malo olumikizidwa," adatero Glace. "Pafupipafupi tikuwonetsa kuti tinali ndi zovuta zina ndi laminate, mitu ya strut sinagoneke pakatikati pa laminate."
Kuthetsa mavuto ndi mipata pakati pa laminate mkati ndi kunja kwa thanki. Mutu wa ndodo yosinthidwa umapanga kusiyana pakati pa kutembenuka koyamba ndi kwachiwiri kwa thanki yoyesera. Chithunzi chojambula: Technical University of Munich LCC.
Tanki yoyambirira iyi ya 450 x 290 x 80mm idamalizidwa chilimwe chatha. "Tapita patsogolo kwambiri kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, koma tidakali ndi kusiyana pakati pa laminate yamkati ndi yakunja," adatero Glace. "Choncho tidayesa kudzaza mipatayo ndi utomoni wowoneka bwino komanso wowoneka bwino kwambiri. Izi zimathandizira kulumikizana pakati pa zida ndi laminate, zomwe zimawonjezera kupsinjika kwamakina."
Gululi lidapitiliza kupanga mapangidwe a tanki ndi njira, kuphatikiza mayankho amtundu womwe akufuna. "Mbali za thanki yoyesera sizinali zopindika mokwanira chifukwa zinali zovuta kuti geometry iyi ipange njira yokhotakhota," adatero Glace. "Nthawi yathu yoyamba yokhotakhota inali 75 °, koma tinkadziwa kuti maulendo angapo amayenera kukumana ndi katundu mu chotengera chopanikizika ichi. Tikuyang'anabe njira yothetsera vutoli, koma sikophweka ndi mapulogalamu omwe panopa akugulitsidwa. Ikhoza kukhala ntchito yotsatila.
"Tawonetsa kuthekera kwa lingaliro lopangali," akutero Gleiss, "koma tifunika kupitiliza kukonza kugwirizana pakati pa laminate ndikukonzanso ndodo zomangira. "Kuyesa kwakunja pamakina oyesera. Mumakoka ma spacers mu laminate ndikuyesa katundu wa makina omwe mafupawo amatha kupirira. "
Gawo ili la polojekiti ya Polymers4Hydrogen idzamalizidwa kumapeto kwa 2023, panthawi yomwe Gleis akuyembekeza kumaliza thanki yachiwiri yowonetsera. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, mapangidwe amasiku ano amagwiritsa ntchito ma thermoplastics olimba bwino mu chimango ndi ma thermoset composites pamakoma a thanki. Kodi njira yosakanizidwa imeneyi idzagwiritsidwa ntchito mu thanki yomaliza yowonetsera? "Inde," adatero Grace. "Othandizana nawo pantchito ya Polymers4Hydrogen akupanga utomoni wa epoxy ndi zida zina zophatikizika zomwe zimakhala ndi zotchinga za hydrogen." Amatchula anthu awiri omwe akugwira nawo ntchitoyi, PCCL ndi yunivesite ya Tampere (Tampere, Finland).
Gleiss ndi gulu lake adagawananso zambiri ndikukambirana malingaliro ndi Jaeger pa projekiti yachiwiri ya HyDDen kuchokera ku tanki ya LCC conformal composite.
"Tikhala tikupanga chotengera chophatikizika chophatikizika cha ma drones ofufuza," akutero Jaeger. "Uwu ndi mgwirizano pakati pa madipatimenti awiri a Aerospace ndi Geodetic Department of TUM - LCC ndi Dipatimenti ya Helicopter Technology (HT). Ntchitoyi idzamalizidwa kumapeto kwa 2024 ndipo panopa tikumaliza chotengera chopondereza. Mapangidwe omwe ali ochuluka kwambiri a ndege ndi magalimoto. Pambuyo pa lingaliro loyambali, sitepe yotsatira ndiyo kuchita tsatanetsatane wa ndondomeko yotchinga khoma. "
"Lingaliro lonse ndikupanga drone yowunikira yokhala ndi makina osakanizidwa amafuta ndi makina oyendetsa mabatire," adapitilizabe. Idzagwiritsa ntchito batire ikanyamula mphamvu zambiri (mwachitsanzo, kunyamuka ndi kutera) kenako ndikusinthira ku cell yamafuta panthawi yoyenda mopepuka. "Gulu la HT linali kale ndi drone yofufuza ndikukonzanso magetsi kuti agwiritse ntchito mabatire ndi mafuta," adatero Yeager. "Anagulanso thanki ya CGH2 kuti ayese kufala kumeneku."
"Gulu langa lidapatsidwa ntchito yomanga tanki yopondereza yomwe ingagwirizane, koma osati chifukwa cha kuyika kwa tanki ya cylindrical," akufotokoza motero. “Thanki yosalala siitha kupirira mphepo. Makulidwe a tanki pafupifupi. 830 x 350 x 173 mm.
Tanki yogwirizana ndi thermoplastic AFP. Kwa polojekiti ya HyDDen, gulu la LCC ku TUM poyamba linafufuza njira yofanana ndi yomwe Glace (pamwambapa), koma kenako anasamukira ku njira yogwiritsira ntchito ma modules angapo apangidwe, omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito mopitirira muyeso pogwiritsa ntchito AFP (pansipa). Chithunzi chojambula: Technical University of Munich LCC.
"Lingaliro limodzi ndi lofanana ndi njira ya Elisabeth [Gleiss]," Yager akuti, "kugwiritsa ntchito zingwe zomangika pakhoma la chotengera kuti alipirire mphamvu zopindika kwambiri. Komabe, m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito njira yokhotakhota kupanga thanki, timagwiritsa ntchito AFP. Chifukwa chake, tidaganiza zopanga gawo losiyana la chotengera choponderezana, momwe zoyikamo zidapangidwa kale. kuzungulira.”
"Tikuyesera kutsiriza lingaliro lotero," anapitiriza, "ndikuyambanso kuyesa kusankha kwa zipangizo, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti zitsimikizire kukana koyenera kwa mpweya wa H2. Chifukwa cha ichi, timagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo za thermoplastic ndipo tikugwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana momwe zinthuzo zidzakhudzire khalidwe la permeation ndi processing mu makina a AFP. Ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa ngati chithandizocho chidzakhala ndi zotsatirapo ndipo ngati pakufunikanso kudziwa ngati hydrogen intercessing idzakhudzanso ntchito yosiyana ya hydrogen. kudzera mu chotengera cha pressure.”
Thankiyo idzakhala yopangidwa ndi thermoplastic ndipo mizere idzaperekedwa ndi Teijin Carbon Europe GmbH (Wuppertal, Germany). "Tidzagwiritsa ntchito PPS yawo [polyphenylene sulfide], PEEK [polyether ketone] ndi LM PAEK [low melting polyaryl ketone] zipangizo," adatero Yager. "Kuyerekeza kumapangidwa kuti awone kuti ndi iti yomwe ili yabwino kwambiri kuti itetezedwe ndikulowa ndikupanga magawo ochita bwino." Akuyembekeza kuti adzamaliza kuyesa, kupanga mapangidwe ndi machitidwe ndi ziwonetsero zoyamba mkati mwa chaka chamawa.
Ntchito yofufuzayo idachitika mkati mwa gawo la COMET "Polymers4Hydrogen" (ID 21647053) mkati mwa pulogalamu ya COMET ya Federal Ministry for Climate Change, Environment, Energy, Mobility, Innovation and Technology ndi Federal Ministry for Digital Technology and Economics. . Olemba zikomo abwenzi nawo Polymer Lumikizanani Center Leoben GmbH (PCCL, Austria), Montanuniversitaet Leoben (Faculty of Polima Engineering ndi Science, Dipatimenti ya Chemistry wa Polima Zida, Dipatimenti ya Zida Science ndi Polima Mayeso), University of Tampere (Faculty of Engineering Zida). ) Sayansi), Peak Technology ndi Faurecia anathandizira pa ntchitoyi. COMET-Modul amathandizidwa ndi boma la Austria ndi boma la Styria.
Mapepala okonzedweratu opangira zida zonyamula katundu amakhala ndi ulusi wopitirira - osati kuchokera ku galasi, komanso kuchokera ku carbon ndi aramid.
Pali njira zambiri zopangira magawo a kompositi. Choncho, kusankha njira ya gawo linalake kudzadalira zinthu, mapangidwe a gawolo, ndi ntchito yomaliza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito. Nayi kalozera wosankha.
Shocker Composites ndi R&M International akupanga makina ogwiritsira ntchito kaboni fiber omwe amapangidwanso omwe amapha ziro, mtengo wotsika kuposa ulusi wa namwali ndipo pamapeto pake adzapereka utali womwe umayandikira ulusi wopitilira muzomangamanga.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-15-2023