Igiciro cy'uruganda Igishushanyo mbonera cya nylon pom hdpe pp

Abahanga mu bya siyansi bakoze pulasitiki ingana n'icyuma - ikomeye ariko idakomeye. Plasitiki, abahanga mu bya shimi rimwe na rimwe bita polymer, ni ubwoko bw'uduce tw'iminyururu miremire tugizwe n'uduce duto dusubiramo twitwa monomers. Bitandukanye na polymer za kera zifite imbaraga zimwe, igikoresho gishya kiza mu buryo bwa membrane gusa. Nanone gifite umwuka mwinshi inshuro 50 kurusha pulasitiki idashobora kwinjira cyane ku isoko. Ikindi kintu kigaragara kuri iyi polymer ni uburyo bworoshye bwo gukora. Iyi nzira, ibera ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba, isaba ibikoresho bihendutse gusa, kandi polymer ishobora gukorwa mu buryo bwinshi mu mpapuro nini zifite ubunini bwa nanometero gusa. Abashakashatsi batangaje ibyo bavumbuye ku ya 2 Gashyantare mu kinyamakuru Nature.
Ibikoresho bivugwa byitwa polyamide, urusobe rw'imigozi rw'ibice bya molekile za amide (amide ni amatsinda ya shimi ya azote afatanye na atome za karuboni ziboshye muri ogisijeni). Izo polimeri zirimo Kevlar, fibre ikoreshwa mu gukora amasasu adapfa gushya, na Nomex, umwenda udashya. Kimwe na Kevlar, molekile za polyamide ziri mu bikoresho bishya zihuzwa n'imigozi ya hydrogen ku burebure bwose bw'iminyururu yazo, bikongera imbaraga rusange z'ibikoresho.
“Bifatana nka Velcro,” uyu ni Michael Strano, umuhanga mu bya shimi muri MIT. Guca ibintu ntibisaba gusa guca iminyururu ya molekile imwe imwe, ahubwo bisaba no gutsinda iminyururu minini ya hydrogen iri mu gice cyose cya polymer.
Byongeye kandi, polimeri nshya zishobora gukora uduce duto. Ibi bituma ibikoresho byoroha kubitunganya, kuko bishobora gukorwamo uduce duto cyangwa bigakoreshwa nk'igitambaro cyo hejuru cya filime nto. Polimeri gakondo zikunda gukura nk'iminyururu igororotse, cyangwa zigafatana inshuro nyinshi mu mpande eshatu, hatitawe ku cyerekezo. Ariko polimeri za Strano zikura mu buryo budasanzwe muri 2D kugira ngo zikore uduce duto.
“Ese ushobora guteranya ku rupapuro? Bigaragara ko akenshi utabikora kugeza igihe twakoze akazi kacu,” Strano yagize ati. “Rero, twabonye uburyo bushya.” Muri uyu murimo uherutse gukorwa, itsinda rye ryatsinze inzitizi kugira ngo iri teranya ry’ibice bibiri rishoboke.
Impamvu polyaramides zifite imiterere isanzwe ni uko polymer synthesis ikoresha uburyo bwitwa autocatalytic templating: uko polymer igenda ikura ikayihambira ku bintu byubatse monomer, urusobe rwa polymer rukura rutuma monomer zikurikira zihurira mu cyerekezo cyiza kugira ngo zikomeze ihuriro ry’imiterere y’ibice bibiri. Abashakashatsi bagaragaje ko bashobora gusiga polymer mu buryo bworoshye ku biti bya wafer kugira ngo bakore laminates zifite ubugari bwa santimetero 4 z’ubugari. Ubwo bunini bungana hafi miliyoni imwe y’ubunini bw’impapuro zisanzwe zo mu biro.
Kugira ngo bapime imiterere y’ibikoresho bya polymer, abashakashatsi bapimye imbaraga zisabwa kugira ngo batobore imyobo mu rupapuro rw’ibikoresho bimanitse bakoresheje urushinge ruto. Iyi polyamide irakomeye kurusha polymer zisanzwe nka nylon, umwenda ukoreshwa mu gukora parachuti. Igitangaje ni uko bisaba imbaraga zikubye kabiri iyi polyamide ikomeye cyane kurusha icyuma gifite ubunini bumwe. Nk’uko Strano abivuga, iyi mashini ishobora gukoreshwa nk'igitambaro cyo kurinda ku buso bw'icyuma, nk'udukingirizo tw'imodoka, cyangwa nk'akayunguruzo ko gusukura amazi. Muri uyu murimo wa nyuma, akayunguruzo keza gakwiye kuba gato ariko gakomeye bihagije kugira ngo gashobore kwihanganira igitutu kinini kadashyiramo ibintu bito bihumanya mu bikoresho byacu bya nyuma - bikwiranye neza n'iyi polyamide.
Mu gihe kizaza, Strano yizeye kwagura uburyo bwa polymerization kugeza kuri polymer zitandukanye zirenze iyi analogue ya Kevlar. “Polymer ziradukikije,” yagize ati. “Zikora byose.” Tekereza guhindura ubwoko bwinshi butandukanye bwa polymer, ndetse n’izidasanzwe zishobora gutwara amashanyarazi cyangwa urumuri, mo uduce duto dushobora gutwikira ubuso butandukanye, yongeraho ati: “Kubera ubu buryo bushya, wenda ubundi bwoko bwa polymer ubu bushobora gukoreshwa,” Stano yagize ati.
Strano yavuze ko mu isi ikikijwe na pulasitiki, sosiyete ifite impamvu zo kwishimira indi polymer nshya ifite imiterere idasanzwe mu byuma. Iyi aramid irakomeye cyane, bivuze ko dushobora gusimbuza pulasitiki za buri munsi, kuva ku marangi kugeza ku mifuka kugeza ku bipfunyika by'ibiribwa, hamwe n'ibikoresho bike kandi bikomeye. Strano yongeyeho ko ukurikije uburyo bwo kubungabunga ibidukikije, iyi polymer ikomeye cyane ya 2D ni intambwe nziza yo kubohora isi pulasitiki.
Shi En Kim (nk'uko asanzwe yitwa Kim) ni umwanditsi w’ubumenyi wigenga wavukiye muri Maleziya akaba n’umutoza w’ubwanditsi wa Popular Science Spring 2022. Yanditse byinshi ku ngingo zitandukanye kuva ku mikoreshereze idasanzwe y’ubudodo bw’inyenzi—abantu cyangwa ibitagangurirwa ubwabyo—kugeza ku bakusanya imyanda mu isanzure.
Icyogajuru cya Boeing cyitwa Starliner ntikiragera kuri sitasiyo mpuzamahanga y’iby’ikirere, ariko impuguke zifite icyizere cy’urugendo rwa gatatu rw’igerageza.
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