Ua hana nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka palakiko e like me ke kila - ikaika akā ʻaʻole kaumaha. ʻO nā palakiko, kahi a nā kemika i kapa ai i kekahi manawa he polymers, he papa o nā molekala kaulahao lōʻihi i hana ʻia me nā ʻāpana pōkole e hana hou ana i kapa ʻia ʻo monomers. ʻAʻole like me nā polymers mua o ka ikaika like, hele mai ka mea hou i ke ʻano membrane. He 50 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka ea ma mua o ka palakiko impermeable loa ma ka mākeke. ʻO kekahi ʻano koʻikoʻi o kēia polymer ʻo ia kona maʻalahi o ka synthesis. ʻO ke kaʻina hana, kahi e hana ʻia ma ka mahana o ka lumi, pono wale nā mea makepono, a hiki ke hana nui ʻia ka polymer i nā pepa nui he nanometers wale nō ka mānoanoa. Hōʻike nā mea noiʻi i kā lākou mau ʻike Pepeluali 2 ma ka puke pai Nature.
ʻO ka mea i nīnau ʻia ua kapa ʻia ʻo polyamide, kahi pūnaewele wili o nā ʻāpana molekala amide (ʻo nā amides nā hui kemika nitrogen i hoʻopili ʻia i nā ʻātoma kalapona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka oxygen). ʻO ia mau polymers e komo pū me Kevlar, kahi fiber i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā ʻaʻahu pale pōkā, a me Nomex, kahi lole pale ahi. E like me Kevlar, ua pili nā molekala polyamide i loko o ka mea hou kekahi i kekahi e nā pilina hydrogen ma ka lōʻihi holoʻokoʻa o kā lākou mau kaulahao, kahi e hoʻonui ai i ka ikaika holoʻokoʻa o ka mea.
"Hoʻopili pū lākou e like me Velcro," wahi a ka mea kākau alakaʻi ʻo Michael Strano, he ʻenekinia kemika MIT. ʻO ka haehae ʻana i nā mea ʻaʻole pono wale ka uhaki ʻana i nā kaulahao molekala pākahi, akā ʻo ka lanakila ʻana hoʻi i nā pilina hydrogen intermolecular nui e komo ana i ka pūʻolo polymer holoʻokoʻa.
Eia kekahi, hiki i nā polymers hou ke hana aunoa i nā flakes. ʻO kēia ka mea e maʻalahi ai ke hana ʻana i ka mea, no ka mea hiki ke hana ʻia i mau ʻili lahilahi a hoʻohana ʻia paha e like me ka uhi ʻili ʻili lahilahi. ʻO nā polymers kuʻuna e ulu pinepine e like me nā kaulahao linear, a i ʻole e lālā pinepine a loulou i ʻekolu mau ana, me ka nānā ʻole i ke kuhikuhi. Akā ulu nā polymers a Strano ma ke ʻano kū hoʻokahi ma 2D e hana i nā nanosheets.
"Hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻuluʻulu ma kahi ʻāpana pepa? ʻIke ʻia, i ka hapanui o nā hihia, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hana a hiki i kā mākou hana," wahi a Strano. "No laila, ua loaʻa iā mākou kahi ʻano hana hou." Ma kēia hana hou, ua lanakila kāna hui i kahi pilikia e hiki ai kēia hōʻuluʻulu ʻelua-dimensional.
ʻO ke kumu o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi ʻano planar o nā polyaramides, ʻo ia ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka polymer synthesis i kahi ʻano i kapa ʻia ʻo autocatalytic templating: ʻoiai ke hoʻolōʻihi nei ka polymer a pili i nā poloka hale monomer, hoʻoulu ka pūnaewele polymer e ulu ana i nā monomers ma hope e hui pū wale i ke ala kūpono e hoʻoikaika i ka hui ʻana o ka ʻano ʻelua-dimensional. Ua hōʻike nā mea noiʻi hiki iā lākou ke uhi maʻalahi i ka polymer i loko o ka hopena ma luna o nā wafers e hana i nā laminates ʻīniha ākea ma lalo o 4 nanometers ka mānoanoa. ʻAneʻane hoʻokahi miliona o ka mānoanoa o ka pepa keʻena maʻamau.
No ka helu ʻana i nā waiwai mechanical o ka mea polymer, ua ana nā mea noiʻi i ka ikaika e pono ai e hou i nā lua i loko o kahi pepa i hoʻokuʻu ʻia me kahi nila maikaʻi. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o kēia polyamide ma mua o nā polymers kuʻuna e like me ka nylon, ka lole i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā parachutes. ʻO ka mea kupanaha, ʻelua ka nui o ka ikaika e wehe ai i kēia polyamide ikaika loa e like me ke kila o ka mānoanoa like. Wahi a Strano, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka mea ma ke ʻano he uhi pale ma nā ʻili metala, e like me nā veneers kaʻa, a i ʻole he kānana e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka wai. I ka hana hope, pono ka membrane kānana kūpono e lahilahi akā ikaika e kū i nā kaomi kiʻekiʻe me ka ʻole o ka hoʻokahe ʻana i nā mea haumia liʻiliʻi a nui i loko o kā mākou lako hope loa - he kūpono kūpono no kēia mea polyamide.
I ka wā e hiki mai ana, manaʻolana ʻo Strano e hoʻonui i ke ʻano polymerization i nā polymers like ʻole ma mua o kēia analog Kevlar. "Aia nā polymers a puni mākou," wahi āna. "Hana lākou i nā mea āpau." E noʻonoʻo e hoʻohuli i nā ʻano polymers like ʻole, ʻoiai nā mea exotic e hiki ke alakaʻi i ka uila a i ʻole ka mālamalama, i loko o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi e hiki ke uhi i nā ʻano ʻili like ʻole, wahi āna. "Ma muli o kēia ʻano hana hou, hiki paha ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano polymers ʻē aʻe," wahi a Stano.
I loko o kahi honua i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā plastics, he kumu ko ke kaiāulu e hauʻoli ai e pili ana i kahi polymer hou ʻē aʻe nona nā waiwai mechanical ʻaʻole maʻamau, wahi a Strano. He paʻa loa kēia aramid, ʻo ia hoʻi hiki iā mākou ke pani i nā plastics o kēlā me kēia lā, mai nā pena a i nā ʻeke a i ka ʻōpala meaʻai, me nā mea liʻiliʻi a ikaika hoʻi. Ua hoʻohui ʻo Strano mai kahi hiʻohiʻona hoʻomau, ʻo kēia polymer 2D ikaika loa he ʻanuʻu i ke ala kūpono e hoʻokuʻu i ka honua mai ka plastic.
ʻO Shi En Kim (e like me kona kapa maʻamau ʻia ʻo Kim) he mea kākau ʻepekema kūʻokoʻa i hānau ʻia ma Malaysia a he intern hoʻoponopono no ka Popular Science Spring 2022. Ua kākau nui ʻo ia ma nā kumuhana e pili ana i nā hoʻohana ʻano ʻē o nā pūnanawelewele—nā kānaka a i ʻole nā nananana ponoʻī—a hiki i nā mea hōʻiliʻili ʻōpala ma ka lewa.
ʻAʻole i hōʻea ka mokulele mokulele Starliner a Boeing i ke kahua lewa honua, akā ua lana ka manaʻo o ka poʻe loea e pili ana i kahi lele hoʻāʻo ʻekolu.
He lālā mākou i ka Polokalamu Hoʻohui ʻo Amazon Services LLC, kahi papahana hoʻolaha pili i hoʻolālā ʻia e hāʻawi i kahi ala no mākou e loaʻa ai nā uku ma o ka loulou ʻana iā Amazon.com a me nā pūnaewele pili. ʻO ke kau inoa ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia pūnaewele ke ʻae nei i kā mākou ʻ Termslelo o ka Hana.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-19-2022